Social Psychology

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altruism

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unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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bystander effect

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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

(ex. kitty genovese)

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social exchange theory

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teh theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

-anticipate rewards from helping thta exceed the cost, you help

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reciprocity norm

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an expectation that people will help those dependent upong them

-ex. people who attend church volunteer twice as many hours and give to poor

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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GRIT

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graduated reciprocated initiatives in tensio-reduction: a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

1. announce recognition of mutual interests
2. initiates small and conciliatory acts

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social psychologists

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connections by scientifically studyihng how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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attribution theory

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fritz Heider: how we explain someone's bejavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

-hostility reflects aggressive personality

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fundamental attribution error

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tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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attitudes

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feelings based on beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

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attitudes follow hevior

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people come to believe in what they stand up for

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the foot-in-the-dorr phenomenon

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

-ex. zimbardo prisoner and guard experiment

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cognitive dissonance

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when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't conincide, we experience tension

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cognitive dissonance theory

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Leon Festinger: the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconcisisten. when awareness of the attituedes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by chaging our attitides

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categorization

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separating people into groups often by stereotypes or biasing our perceptions of their diversity

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the just-world phenomenon

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the tendency for people to belive the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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the chameleon effect

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unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, voice tones helps us feel what they are feeling

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moood linkage

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sharing up and down moods between people work with

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conformity

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adjusting one's nehaior to conincide with a group standard

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solomon Asch

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line test- conformity increases when one feels incompetent or insecure

-culture encourages respect for social standard

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narmative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept othes' opinions about reality

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robert baron's line-up test

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when accuracy of judgements important, people rarely conform, but when task is easy, they conformed 1/2 the time. when unsure if we are right, more receptive to other's opinions

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Stanley Milgram

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willingness to comply with commands that inflict punshment

-obedience
-strong social influences can make people confrom to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty

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prejudice

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prejudegemnt, an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
-generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, predisposition to discriminatiory action

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stereotype

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a generalized belief about a group of people

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discrimination

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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its memeber

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implicit racial associations

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anthony greenwald- 9/11 white respondents had difficulty associating the words good w/ black faces

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unconscious patronizing

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kent harber- white university women looked at papers and told that sold written by black students and some written by white- gave higher marks to those they thought wer black and harsher criticisms to whites because they expected more from whites

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seeingi black

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jennifer eberhardt- more a person's features are perceived as typical of their racial category, the more likely they are to elicit race based on responding, the blacker, the more criminal

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reflexive bodily responses

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implicit prejudice in people's facial-muscle responses and in the activation of their amygdala

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blame the victim dynamic

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poverty breeds higher crime rate, then use higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination against those who live in poverty

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social identities

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john turner- associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves wiht others

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in group

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us- people with whom one shares a common identity

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out-group

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them- those perceives as different or apart from one;s in-group

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in-group bias

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the tendency to favor one's own group,

fear and anger create aggression against citizens of different ethnicity or race creates racism and in turn new forms of terrorism (zimbardo)

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scapegoat theory

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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social facilitation

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norman triplett- stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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social loafing

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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effects toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

-tug of war
-people acting as part of a group feel less accountable for their actions and worry less about waht others think

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deindividuation

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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in groupsituations that foster arousal and anonymity

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies through disucssion within the group

-when highly prejudiced students discussed racial issues, they became more prejudiced

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group think

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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group override a realistic appraisal for alternatives
-JFK's invasion of Cuba
-fed by conformity, overconfidence, self-justificaiton, group polarization

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social control

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the power of the situation

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personal control

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the power of the individual

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minority influence

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the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

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aggression

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or desroy

-interaction between biology and experience

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genetic influences

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genes influence human aggression

-extra Y chromosome more violent
-1 identical twin admits to having a violent tember than other does too

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neural influences

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neural systems that when stimulated inhibit or produce aggressive behavior

-diminished activity in frontal lobe
-frontal lobe-inhibits aggression, more likely if damaged, inactive, disconnected, not fully matured

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biochemical influences

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harmones, alcohol, and other substances in blood
-high testosterone=irritability, low tolerance frustration, assertiveness, impulsiveness

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frustration-aggression principle

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the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
-other stimuli- physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, hot temps

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rejection-induced aggression

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those led to feel socially excluded were later more likely to be aggressive

-more aggressive if experience taught us aggression pay

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rape myth

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the idea that some women invite or enjoy rap and get "swept away" while being taken

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predisposition to sexual violence

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media, deinhibition by alcohol, and a history of child abuse

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social scripts

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mental tapes of how to act, provided by our culture

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catharsis hypothesis

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false- we feel better if we blow off steam by venting emotions

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conflict

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a perceived imcompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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social trap

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a situation in which the confliction parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, became caught in mutually destructive behavior
-mutual betterment aggred- upon regulations, better communicatio, promoting awareness or our responsibilites toward community, nation

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mirror image perceptions

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as see people as untrustworthy, they see us the same way

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more important thing about attraction

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proximity- geographic nearness- friendship most powerful predictor

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mere exposure effect

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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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reward theory of attraction

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we will like those whose behavior is rewaring to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

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passionate love

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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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emotions

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physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

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adrenaline

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makes the heart grow fonder

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companionate love

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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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equity

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a condition in which poeple receive from a realtionship in proportion to what they give to it

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self-disclosure

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others