Social Psychology

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Conformity

Back 1

changing one's beliefs or behaviors to be consistent with group standards or social norms

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Compliance

Back 2

doing what we are asked to do even if we prefer not to

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Obedience to authority

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complying with a person or group perceived to be a legitimate authority

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Intense indoctrination

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occurs when individuals become members of extreme groups, accepting beliefs and rules in unquestioning ways

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Normative Social Influence

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based on desire to be liked and accepted

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Informational Social Influence

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based on desire to be correct

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Sherif's Autokinetic Studies

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Autokinetic effect is an optical illusion, if you place people in completely dark rooms and let them observe a pinprick of light for some time, they will have the illusion that the light starts to move erratically after some time

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Sherif's Studies

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asked people to estimate how far the light moved on several trials. Individual estimates converged, forming an individual norm. Then asked people to estimate in groups of 2 or 3, they converged to form a group norm. when they were once again alone, their answers were consistent with the group norm.

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Asch's Studies on Conformity

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Compared lines, in groups, most people gave the wrong answer but person still conformed and gave the wrong answer. Many knew it was wrong but didn't want to be different. Others knew they were wrong but doubted their own perceptions. Still others thought they were correct.

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Milgrim's Obedience Studies

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People were obedient and shocked the learner at dangerous levels.

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Variations to Milgrim's Studies

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When learner and teacher were in the same room, teacher did not obey as much. When experimenter was out of room and gave instructions through the phone, obedience decreased. When the legitimacy of the experimenter was questionable obedience decreased.

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Resistance to Obedience

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People may resist when:
-victim's suffering is salient
-person fels responsible for their actions
-others model disobedience
-people are encouraged to question authority

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Factors that influence obedience

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-emotional distance of the victim
-closeness and legitimacy of the authority
-institutional authority
-liberating effects of group influence

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Factors that influence conformity

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group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, public response, no prior commitment, reactance

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Compliance

Back 15

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing

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Acceptance

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conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

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Moscovici's Study

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Asked participants color of slides (all were varying shades of blue). In the control, all were participants. Inconsistent minority, cohort said green 2/3 of the time and blue 1/3 of the time. In consistent minority, cohort said green all the time.

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Minority Influences

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Consistent minorities are influential because they
-disrupt the majority norm
-draw attention to minority
-draw attention to alternative view
-demonstrate certainty and commitment to view

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Effective Minority Influence

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must be
-consistent
-flexible in style of presentation
-forceful
-not appear to be driven by self interest

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Foot in door technique

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first make a small request then a large one

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door in face technique

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first make an unreasonably large request, then a smaller one

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low ball technique

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first make a reasonable request, then reveal further costs

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that's not all technique

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first make a large request, then offer a bonus or discount

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pique technique

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make an unusual request to disrupt target's mindless refusal script

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Behavior and attitudes

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studies demonstrate that attitudes do not always predict behavior. External pressures can easily override our inner convictions

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Power of the situation

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People conform to societal norms all the time

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Prosocial behavior

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-action intended to benefit another
-behaviors that are carried out with the goal of helping other people

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altruism

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-action intended solely to benefit another and thus not to gain any external or internal reward
-unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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Casual Helping

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-helping with homework, lending another notes or books, giving a ride locally, giving directions, opening/holding a door

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Substantial personal helping

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bringing or sending flowers, a car, or small gift, giving a ride for long distance, visiting someone out of town

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emotional helping

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listening to someone talk through a problem, being there for someone, providing loyalty

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emergency helping

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starting a car or changing a tire for someone, taking care of someone who is sick, walking someone home at night

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Basic motives for helping someone

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Evolutionary-help kin to spread gene pool
Social Norms-norm in society is to help others (social responsibility)
Social Exchange Theory-maximize benefit of behavior but minimize cost
Empathy and Altruism-help others w/o thought for yourself, knowing how they feel

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Helping as disguised self interest

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people help others because of the rewards they get from helping

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6 Motives for Volunteering

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Values, understanding, social, career, ego protection, esteem enhancement

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Diffusion of responsibility

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In organized or anonymous groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions because they assume that others will do so

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Bystander effect

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finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

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Pluralistic Ignorance

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act as others are acting in an emergency

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Darley and Latane Decision Tree

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1. Notice the event
2. Interpret the event as an emergency
3. assume responsibility
4. know appropriate form of assistance
5. implement decision

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How to increase the chances that people will help you out

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-make it clear you need help
-reduce diffusion of responsibility by singling out a person in the group
-if possible give instructions on how to help you

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Time Pressure

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If people are late they will be least likely to help, if they are on time it is 50/50 whether or not they will help, if they have lots of time then they are most likely to help

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Mood

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Positive-don't want to focus on something that will take away good mood if situation is ambiguous so less likely to help
Negative-want to help so they can feel better only if situation isn't ambiguous or difficult and unpleasant

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Personality

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Altruistic personality-high in empathy, belief in just world, good behavior is rewarded, high in social responsibility, internal locust of control, low in egocentrism

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Attractiveness

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people are more likely to help individuals that are attractive

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gender

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women receive more help from men
women appear to engage in more prosocial behavior

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Similarity

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people are more likely to help others who are similar to them

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closeness

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people are more likely to help people who are close to them

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Empathy-Altruism hypothesis

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Observe emergency => empathy is aroused => victim needs help, feels good to help

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Negative-State relief model

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observe emergency => negative affect is aroused => to reduce own negative affect

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Empathic-Joy hypothesis

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observe emergency => leads to desire to act and positively affect the victim => to engage in an activity with a positive outcome and feel good

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Genetic Determination Model

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observe emergency => unconscious desire to help if victim genetically similar => to maximize survival of similar genes

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Aggression

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physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt another person

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Instrumental aggression

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aggression that is a means to some other end

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Hostile aggression

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aggression that is driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

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Evolutionary perspective of aggression

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people are predisposed to be aggressive, men had to be more aggressive to increase gene pool

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Social Learning Theory

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model, reinforcement, and social norms
behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments

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Gender differences

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men are generally more physically or overtly aggressive
women are more covertly aggressive (spread rumors, talk behind people's back)

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Bandura's Bobo doll study

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Children who watched an adult beat up a bobo doll were more likely to act aggressively towards the doll than children who did not watch an adult beat it up

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Modeling aggressive behavior

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-learn specific aggressive behaviors
-develop more positive attitudes toward aggression

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Reward and punishment

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rewards can lead to an increase in aggression
punishment can lead to a decrease in aggression when
a) it immediately follows the aggressive behavior
b) it is strong enough to deter the aggressor
c) it is certain
d) it is perceived as fair and legitimate by the aggressor

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Situational influences on aggression

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alcohol, negative affect (negative feelings), temperature, crowding, physical pain, bad odors, interpretation of intent, aggressive cues

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Weapons effect

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having symbols of weapons causes aggression, primes hostile thoughts or behaviors
Berkowits and LePage Study: male participants who were provoked by confederates gave more shocks when guns and rifles were present than when badminton racquets and birdies were present

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Media and Aggression

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watching violent tv shows leads to aggressive behaviors
Media increases arousal, distorts perceptions, reduces inhibitions, desensitization, teaches ways to be violent

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Sex and Aggression

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strong correlation between porn and sexual fantasies that involve violence
Donnerstein and Berkowitz: after watching violent sexual films, men reported greater acceptance of violence toward women and rape myths, women reacted the opposite

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Reducing aggression

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Catharsis-venting anger and aggression in healthy ways (thought to decrease aggression, research shows it often increases it)

apologies, more careful processing of information, making preattributions, training in social skills, incompatible response technique

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Zajonce's Drive Theory

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Presence of others => heightened arousal => if dominant responses are correct in the present situation => performance is enhanced

or

Presence of others => heighteneed arousal => if dominant response is incorrect in the present situation => performance is impaired

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Distraction-Conflict Theory

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social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to other persons and to the task being performed

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evaluation apprehension

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the type of audience affects social facilitation. In studies by Cotrell and co. social facilitation effects did not occur if the audience was blindfolded or showed no interest in watching the person performing a task.

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Majority Rules decision scheme

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group will opt for whatever position is initially supported by most of its members

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Truth Wins rule decision scheme

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correct solution or decision will ultimately be accepted as its correctness is recognized by more and more members

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First Shift Rule decision scheme

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groups tend to adopt a decision consistent with the direction of the first shift in opinion shown by any member

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Social Dilemmas

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situations in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) persons do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced