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80 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior. Understand people's perceptions of causality. Motivated to understand others well enough to manage our social lives, we observe, analyze, and EXPLAIN THEIR BEHAVIOR.
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Attribution Theory
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Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people or luck.
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Situational Attribution
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A principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not.
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Covariation Principle
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Whether the actor behaves similarly in the same situation on other occasions
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Consistency
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The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind. Our estimates of the likelihood are heavily influenced by the events that are readily available in memory.
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Availability Heuristics
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A psychological term wherein people judge the probability or frequency of a hypothesis by considering how much the hypothesis resembles available data.
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Representativeness
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Tendency to attribute other's behavior to internal causes and one's behavior to external/situational causes. Stranger trips:clumsy;You trip:the ground was uneven.
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Actor-observer Effect
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A network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors.
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Implicit Personality Theories
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The tendency of information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later.
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Primacy Effect
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An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
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Illusory Correlation
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Tendency to perceive greater similarity among members in the out-group and greater dissimilarity among members in the in-group. (Generalizing, political parties, New Yorkers, Aggies, Californians).
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Illusion of Outgroup Homogeneity
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Behavior that reveals a person's feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues.
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Nonverbal Communication
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People in individualistic cultures are prone to the error while people from collectivistic cultures commit less of it. Cultural attribution lies in the way people of different cultural orientation perceive themselves in the environment.
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Cultural Differences in Attribution
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Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort.
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Personal Attribution
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We are more likely to attribute someone's behavior to dispositional/internal causes if we believe that their behavior is freely chosen, has intended effects or consequences, and departs from expectations.
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Jones' Correspondent Interference Theory
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Outcome/consequence that would not have been produced by any other action.
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Intended Effects
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A certain behavior is attributed to potential causes that appear at the same time. 3 causes which behavior os attributed to be Person(actor),Object(action),and Context(situation), & attribution is made based on 3 criteria:Consensus, Distinctiveness&Consistency.
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Kelly's Attribution Model
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Whether the actor behaves in the same way in other situations.
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Distinctiveness
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The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, or behaviors.
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False-consensus Effect
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The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people's behavior.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited.
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Belief Perseverance
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A cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait(i.e. a characteristic of a person or object)is influenced by the perception of another trait(or several)of that person or object. Ex:judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. Halo effects happen especially if the perceiver doesn't have enough information about all traits, so that he makes assumptions based on one or two prominent traits-these one or two prominent traits "overshadow" other traits.
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Halo Effect
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The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited.
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Belief Perseverance
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A cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait(i.e. a characteristic of a person or object)is influenced by the perception of another trait(or several)of that person or object. Ex:judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. Halo effects happen especially if the perceiver doesn't have enough information about all traits, so that he makes assumptions based on one or two prominent traits-these one or two prominent traits "overshadow" other traits.
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Halo Effect
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Tendency to evaluate very highly those that are similar to us.
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Similar to me Effect
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4 channels of communication:
-Spoken word (but words can be controlled) -Face(face can be controlled) -Body(but body language is not a valid indicator) -Voice (pitch may rise) Studies are not very supportive. Best evidence is based on pitch of voice. |
Truth or Deception
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The explanation of individual behavior as a result caused by internal characteristics that reside within the individual, as opposed to outside(situational)influences that stem from the environment or culture in which that individual is not found.
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Dispositional Attribution
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The tendency to for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information.
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Priming
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Socially undesirable.
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Departs from Expectations
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Whether others behave in the same way as the actor in the same situation.
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Consensus
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The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.
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Base-rate Fallacy
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The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs.
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Confirmation Bias
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An informal fallacy. It ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations.
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Regression Fallacy
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Occurs when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to situational factors beyond their control. The self-serving bias can be seen in the common human tendency to take credit for success but to deny responsibility for failure.
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Self-serving Bias
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The enhancement or diminishment, relative or normal, of perception, cognition and related performance as a result of immediately previous of simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension. A person appears more appealing than normal when contrasted with a person of less appeal and less appealing than normal when contrasted with one of greater appeal.
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Contrast Effect
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Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions.
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Central Traits
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The enhancement or diminishment, relative or normal, of perception, cognition and related performance as a result of immediately previous of simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension. A person appears more appealing than normal when contrasted with a person of less appeal and less appealing than normal when contrasted with one of greater appeal.
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Contrast Effect
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Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions.
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Central Traits
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The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.
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Need for Affiliation
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The belief that that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics.
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What-is-beautiful-is-good-stereotype
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The attraction between people which leads to friendships and romantic relationships. The study of interpersonal attraction is a major area of research in social psych. Interpersonal attraction is related to how much we like, love, dislike, or hate someone. It can be viewed as a force acting between two people that tends to draw them together and resisr their separation.
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Interpersonal Attraction
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The perception of the physical traits of an individual as being asthetically pleasing or beautiful.
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Physical Attractiveness
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Proposed that closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a fxn of both immediate and forecast outcomes.
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Social Penetration and Disclosure
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The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available. We are turned off by those who reject us.
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Hard to get Effect
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We tend to associate with and like others who are similar to ourselves.
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Similarity and Liking
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Attraction towards a person is positively related to the proportion of attitudes similarity associated with that person.
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Attitudinal Similarity
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The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus.
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Mere Exposure
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Women are more selective&prefer older men with resources, the # of children they can bear and raise in a lifetime are limited, women more threatened by emotional infidelity. Men are less selective&prefer women who can bear children, # of children they can father ensures reproductive success is unlimited, men feel more threatened by sexual infidelity.
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Evolutionary Perspective of Selection
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A biologically based emotion selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one's own offspring.
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Evolutionary Perspective of Jealousy
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Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection.
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Passionate Love
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A secure, trusting, stable partnership.
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Compassionate Love
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The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners.
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Equity Theory
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Average expected outcome in relationships. Comparison level for Alternatives (CLAT):Expectations of what would be received in an alternative situation.
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Comparison Level
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An emotional state experienced during periods lacking activity or when individuals are uninterested in their surroundings.
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Boredom
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The way a person typically interacts with significant others.
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Attachment Style
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A relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions; participants expect and desire strict reciprocity, tit for tat repayment of benefits. (Keeping tabs on who did what for whom)
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Exchange Relationship
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A relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other's needs; participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness without regard for whether they have given or received. (A mother to her child, when people are in love, blind love)
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Communal Relationship
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A theory proposing that love has 3 basic components:intimacy, passion, and commitment that can be combined to produce 8 subtypes.
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Triangular Theory of Love
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Intimacy
Passion Commitment |
Consummate Love
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Passion
Commitment |
Fatuous Love
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Intimacy alone
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Liking
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Intimacy
Passion |
Romantic Love
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Intimacy
Commitment |
Companionate Love
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Passion alone
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Infatuation
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Commitment Alone
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Empty Love
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Primary Love Styles:
-Eros(eroticism,passion,physical longing,intensity) -Ludus (uncommitted,playful interactions,little intimacy) -Storge(friendship,companionship,little physical intimacy) Secondary Love Styles: -Mania(Eros+Ludus);jealousy, dependence, and posessive troubled love -Pragma(Storge+Ludus):Pragmatic searching for a partner with certain characteristics -Agape(Eros+Storge):Altruistic, giving, sacrificing without asking anything in return |
Lee's Model of Love
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Declines in satisfaction in the first and eighth years. Boredom, communication conflict, the greater the interdependence, the greater the pain.
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Breaking Up
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Communication in troubled relationships:(1)Negative affect reciprocity. Dueling tit for tat, exchanging negative feelings.(2)Demand/withdrawal interaction pattern(i.e. wife demands attention, husband withdraws)
Approaches to reducing the negative effects:(1)understand the other's point of view(2)increase mutual rewarding behavior. |
Communication Conflict
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Wife demands attention, husband withdraws
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Demand/Withdraw Interaction
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A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations; discrepancy social contact between what a person has and wants, 18-30 yrs. old.
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Loneliness
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Person may be targeted for harassment because of their beauty. Beauty doesn't guarantee health, happiness, or high self-esteem. Nor is it related to intelligence, personality adjustment or talent.
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Benefits and Costs of Beauty
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Attraction to opposites.
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Complementarity
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The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness.
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Matching Hypothesis
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The single best predictor of attraction; where we live influences the friends we make.
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Proximity
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A mutual exchange between what we give and receive for example, liking those who like us.
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Reciprocity
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Expectations of what would be received in an alternative situation; relationships more intimate, satisfying and enduring when rewards are better than expected and better than what would have been received by an alternative.
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Comparison Level of Alternatives
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A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others.
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Social Exchange Theory
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Revelations about the self that a person makes to others.
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Self-disclosure
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The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms.
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Conformity
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Responding to a positive action with another positive action, and responding to a negative action with another negative one.
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Negative Affect Reciprocity
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