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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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conformity
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from internal pressure to be someone else
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obedience
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from external pressure to be someone else
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Milgram
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Study of Obedience. how americans act during WWII. the experimenter told the teacher to shock the learner tons of volts. 63 percent shocked until 450 volts
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limits on obedience: the authority figure is dependent on his her:
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legitimacy (md vs. a nurse)
proximity (physically there vs. an intercom) Feedback seeing more feedback = decreased obedience |
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never use a _____ to do a simple task
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decentralized or low centralized
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high centralization
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all people are communicating with one thing
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low centralization
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least productive because there is chaos
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clarity
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the message needs to be clear. there needs to not be a lot of noise. repetition is good.
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feedback strategy
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its interactive and you ask them "what did I say" or "you said that"
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cohesiveness
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how much do they like the group?
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how does one increase cohesion?
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by being successful, winning. create a temporary common opponent (external threat)
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hi cost of initiation
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severity of initiation, "not everybody gets in, just a few)
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how do you reduce cohesion?
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increase the group size. bigger the group the more status separations breaking the group into smaller groups
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success + larger group =
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decreased cohesion
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types of tasks groups perform was a theory created by
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steiner
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additive task
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everyone is working independently of each other but its not the most productive so they add more people
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conjunctive task
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workers are dependent. you have to make sure people are at the same pace though, slow dog slows the fast dog. slow dog sets the pace
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disjunctive task
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dependent workers but the fastest person sets the pace. how do you improve the performance of a group? make the best person better.
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discretionary task
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coordinate the efforts of everyone. combining all the other tasks.
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social loafing
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a group produced reduction in individual output because others were "doing the work"
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simple task
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just have one person do the task even in a group of 4
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complex task
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groups are good for this
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its a complex task if it has
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lots of detail or you need creative collaboration
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minimally acceptable solution problem
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if you're decisions are meeting the guidelines the group keeps throwing ideas out there. quantity doesnt change but quality does because they keep finding reasons to use the current solution so you get a mediocre solution.
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risky shift
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how much risk are you willing to take? groups are willing to take more risks than individuals.
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____ of the time group settings = more risk
____of the time group settings = less risk |
2/3
1/3 |
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risky shift renamed
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polarization
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risky shift discussion
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in a discussion the majority takes over and the desire to take risks goes to more risk or less risk.
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group think
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bay of pigs: fidel castro, cuba. label applied to a disasterously bad decision created by a group.
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solution to groupthink
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play devils advocate; ask WHY and PROVE IT
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reciprocity
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to do unto others what they have done for you
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in the trucking game (explain) reciprocity slowly creates ________ if both gets _____
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trucking game: when they are both trying to get to the otherside through the same pass that is one way.
Cooperation -- profits |
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unilateral threat
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only one side has the ability to threaten
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when one can threaten the other cooperation ________
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decreases
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bilateral threat
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both sides are threats.
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people start to become _____ if they feel they have any kind of edge in bilateral threats which can be ______.
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competitive
nuclear warfare |
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mutually dependent outcome
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you don't control what happens to you, it depends on what you do and your opponent does
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reward structure
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what do i have to do in order to get what i want?
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prisoners dilemma
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a dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party; typically designed in such a way that competitive moves are more beneficial to either side but if they both get competitive than it might be more of a problem
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zero-sum games
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think poker, one person wins, others lose
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tragedy of the commons
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people got competitive (one person) and made the commons unuseable because both became competitive and increased too many sheep (AKA social trap/ dilemma)
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social traps/ dilemma creates
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short term gain for one, long term loss for all
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zimbardo
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stimulus to get a response to deindividuation.
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zimbardos test antecedent conditions
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group situation, anonymity, group cohesion, physical arousal.
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zimbardos state:
and behavior: |
lack of self monitoring/ acting impulsively
-ppl are irrational and there is high intensity one is quicker to react |
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Deiner for deindividuation
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has to be a activity that is ongoing, never ending activity that provides physical arousal and high cognitive processing load
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high cognitive processing load
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all the activity demands a total focus of all your attention outside of you and keep it there
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with deindividuation we ____ ____ or _____ _____ internal factors because focus is taken to ____ _____. this disables the ___ ____ of ______. you are now at the mercy of _____ _____.
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short circuit or cut short
external factors self regulation of behavior situational cues |
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the ____ _____ is not available
there cannot be ____ to oneself so you will reach a decision _____ |
self schema
costs, faster |
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how do we fix deindividuation?
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reindividuation
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reindividuation example
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man addresses people with their names instead of talks to them just as a group
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many psychologists confuse deindividuation with ___?
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dehumanization
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dehumanization
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you see a person as an object or less than human making it easier to agress against them. nasty nicknames to others in war.
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legal system: america borrows from ______________
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british common law
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both british and us base their law on ______
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precedent or previous decision to be the standard to judge future similar cases
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the law systems are
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highly resistant to change
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most decisions reached are through a
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plea bargain
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plea bargain example
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we have 5 charges, if you plead guilty for 1 then we'll let you out earlier
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eyewitness testimony is __ ____
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not reliable, memory is not perfect in humans
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problems with memory
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encoding wrong, outputting wrong, only remembering salient events and then reconstructing (rebuild memory around what you did store)
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your version of reality can be composed of
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stereotypes, values
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eyewitness testimony is still important because
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we want to see/hear a person in court
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faulty assumption
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if they look sincere/honest, then we're getting the truth
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sincerety is not the same thing as
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accuracy
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free recall
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is a question like please tell us what you remember about the event
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wasn't the defendent holding a bag?
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this is called leading the witness
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average jurer tends to be
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white, older, middle class, gov job, large corp, post office
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not everybody is qualified to serve if you've been:
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convicted of a felony
not a us citizen dont speak/ understand english |
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they get names from
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the roles of registered voters
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1997 they sent out ___ cards for jury duty. that dropped to ___, ____ and a total of ______ actually served
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4 million, 2.3, 1.2.
173000 |
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you can be excused for ____ or _____ hardship
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medical, financial
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grandy jury is ____ in size
trial jury is ____ in size |
25
12 |
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voir dire
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attempt by attorneys on both sides to see if you're biased in some way. if you are then they can dismiss you for a cause that is unlimited
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preemptory challenge
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limited. they dont have to explain why theyre getting rid of you. its a free bee.
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you cant dismiss because of
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gender or race
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the small law firm does not have the money to
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buy research like large law firms do
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voir dire
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premptory challenge, they do studies on how people respond to certain male juror vs. female juror. it keeps out juries that may be biased.
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proprietary
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they dont publish this info in journals
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premptory challenge
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refers to a right in jury selection for the defense and prosecution to reject a certain number of potential jurors who appear to have an unfavorable bias without having to give any reason.
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mock jury
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there is low validity because it's not the real thing
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there have been trials held by juries with as few as
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6 people
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williams vs. florida
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smaller jury, inadequate community representation
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12 member jury, minority in___percent
6 member decreases to ___ percent |
72
47 |
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lower verdict reliability
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same case being heard by diff juries= less reliability/ more disagreement by verdict reached
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lower accuracy with smaller juries because
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they miss important information
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does it have to be 12 out of 12?
but capital crime requires a how many is enough without capital crime? |
no
unanimous decision 9/12 |
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minimally acceptable solution bias
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first solution that meets your standards you tend to go with
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people who disagree, you ignore if
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they are against majority
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unanimous decisions positives and negatives
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positives: when you convict theres much better certainty that the person that you are trying to convict is really wrong. there is more deliberation
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seeking treatment
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1. notice symptoms
if you're in a highly involved external situation than you might not notice the injury. 2. interpret symptoms is this normal? does this happen often? SOCIAL COMPARISON. the illness needs a label 3. seek treatment cost-benefit analysis, is it worth it? money, time. |
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social comparison
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to well known people makes people feel they're sick even when they're not
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the more information you give your doctor,
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the better they can diagnose you
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often they give people their meds but ...
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people don't finish them so they expose the virus to an antibiotic and it mutates
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informational influence
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conformity based on others being correct in their judgments
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normative influence
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conformity when a person fears being deviant
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public conformity
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a superficial change without a real change in opinion
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idiosyncracy credits
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interpersonal credits a person gets from following group norms
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compliance
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following direct requests
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foot in the door
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small request first, then something bigger that will influence
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low balling
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two step, when the securer expands the size of the original agreement
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door in face
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two step, preface the real request with one that is so large it's rejected and then you buy the smaller one
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thats not all technique
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two step, start with inflated then decreases with a "discount"
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social impact theory
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social influence depends on strength, immediacy and number of source persons
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collective
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common actvities but not a lot of direct involvement
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social facilitation
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more people on easy tasks makes better performance but on difficult tasks = worse tasks
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mere presence theory
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mp of people = social facilitation
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evaluation apprehension theory
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sf will only happen if the people are evaluators
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distraction- conflict theory
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sf only happens only when those DISTRACT
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collective effort model
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individuals will exert as much energy as they think is needed in a group
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group polarization
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the exaggerated change after discussion
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process loss
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worse performance based on obstacles created by GROUP PROCESSES
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brainstorming
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creative collaboration without criticism
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escalation effect
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groups are more likely to commit more to failing projects
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transactive memory
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shared system for remembering information
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resource dilemma
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how two people share a resource
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GRIT
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unilateral way to est trust between opposing parties
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integrative commitment
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both parties obtain more than what they were expecting
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voir dire
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examination of bias before trial
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peremptory challenge
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ability to exclude jurors without judges approval
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death qualification
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exclude jurors who dont support death penalty for some cases
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weapon focus
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draws the attention away from the real problem
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cross race identification bias
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people can't identify others of a diff. race
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misinformation effect
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preevent can get integrated into the case in the wrong way
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leniency bias
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too much deliberation in jury can lead one to aquittal
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sentencing disparity
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different judge, same offense, diff sentence
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adversarial model
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present opposing sides of the story
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inquisitorial model
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neutral investigator gathers info from both sides
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appraisal
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process of making decisions about the stress of events
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general adaptation syndrome
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alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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PNI
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studies the brain and the immune system
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self efficacy
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belief in ones ability to do something
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problem focusedc oping
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alter the situation
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emotion focused coping
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reduce the distress
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proactive
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ward off the ONSET of the stress
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subjective well being
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self report of happiness
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proactive
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ward off the ONSET of the stress
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subjective well being
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self report of happiness
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