Social Psychology 10Th Edition Chapter 3-4

Front 1

Priming

Back 1

Activating particular associations in memory.

Front 2

Belief perseverance

Back 2

Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true.

Front 3

Misinformation Effect

Back 3

Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.

Front 4

Rosy retrospection

Back 4

recalling mildly pleasant events more favorable than they experienced them.

Front 5

Controlled processing

Back 5

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.

Front 6

Automatic processing

Back 6

"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition"

Front 7

overconfidence phenomenon

Back 7

The tendency to be more confident than correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

Front 8

Confirmation bias

Back 8

A tendancy to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Front 9

Heuristic

Back 9

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments.

Front 10

Representativeness heuristic

Back 10

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing)a typical member.

Front 11

Availability heuristic

Back 11

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

Front 12

Counterfactual Thinking

Back 12

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't.

Front 13

illusory correlation

Back 13

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

Front 14

illusion of control

Back 14

Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are.

Front 15

Regression toward the average

Back 15

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return to one's average.

Front 16

misattribution

Back 16

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

Front 17

attribution theory

Back 17

The thereof how people explain other's behavior- For example , by attributing either to internal dispositions ( enduring traits , motives, and attitudes) or to external situations.

Front 18

dispositional attribution

Back 18

Attributing behavior to the persons disposition and traits.

Front 19

situational attribution

Back 19

Attributing behavior to the environment .

Front 20

spontaneous trait inference

Back 20

An effortless , automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.

Front 21

fundamental attribution error

Back 21

The tendency for observers to under estimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. ( Also called correspondence bias , because we so often see behavior as corresponding to disposition.)

Front 22

Attributions and Reactions

Back 22

How we explain someone's negative behavior determines how we feel about it.

Front 23

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 23

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Front 24

behavioral confirmation

Back 24

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Front 25

Self-awareness

Back 25

A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions.

Front 26

Attitude

Back 26

A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior.)

Front 27

Implicit association test (IAT)

Back 27

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.

Front 28

Role

Back 28

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Front 29

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 29

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 30

Low-ball technique

Back 30

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Front 31

cognitive dissonance

Back 31

Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another.

Front 32

insufficient justification

Back 32

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient"

Front 33

Self-Perception theory

Back 33

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking oqurbehavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

Front 34

intrinsic motivation

Back 34

When people do something they enjoy , without reward or coercion, they attribute their behavior to their love of the activity.

Front 35

Extrinsic motivation

Back 35

External rewards undermine intrinsic motivation by leading people to attribute their behavior to the incentive.

Front 36

Overjustification effect

Back 36

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.

Front 37

Self-affermation theory

Back 37

A theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.