Social Psych Unit 4

Front 1

Natural Selection

Back 1

the evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches

Front 2

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 2

uses the principles of natural selection to formulate and test hypotheses about human nature and behavior

Front 3

Traditional Social Psychology

Back 3

assumes that humans are blank slates- all purpose learners with little "pre-installed software"

Front 4

Cross-cultural Psychology

Back 4

agrees with blank slate idea and finds that people are much more different than previously believed because of culture

Front 5

Gender differences

Back 5

independence vs. connectedness, social dominance, aggression, sexuality

Front 6

Evolutionary explanation of gender differences

Back 6

sexual selection (the process by which gender differences evolve due to within-sex competition) created different male and female minds

Front 7

Socialization explanation of gender differences

Back 7

Gender differences are learned, not innate, through role-socialization. In every culture, men are socialized to be assertive providers, and women submissive care-takers.

Front 8

Buss' studies of mating preferences

Back 8

in every culture, women preferred older men with resources, status, and maturity. men preferred younger women with looks and health.

Front 9

norms

Back 9

standards for accepted and expected behavior - prescribe "proper" behavior.

Front 10

personal space

Back 10

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies - depends on familiarity of person

Front 11

gender

Back 11

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female

Front 12

empathy

Back 12

the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes

Front 13

interaction

Back 13

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)

Front 14

androgynous

Back 14

mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics

Front 15

parental investment theory

Back 15

females select males in part based on their abilities to contribute resources.

Front 16

altruism

Back 16

a motive to increase another welfare without regard for one's self interests

Front 17

egoism

Back 17

an assumed underlying ever-present motive to increase one's own welfare

Front 18

social exchange theory

Back 18

an egoistic theory which says all human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

Front 19

batson's model of genuine altruism

Back 19

you reduce shocks and have empathy when told person is similar to you somehow (not true altruism, you're helping yourself

Front 20

reciprocity norm

Back 20

says we should help those who have helped or will help us (culturally learned)

Front 21

social-responsibility norm

Back 21

says we should help anyone who needs it (culturally learned)

Front 22

kin-selection

Back 22

by helping relatives we help our own genes - explains self sacrifice by ants bees etc.

Front 23

reciprocal altruism

Back 23

helping others with the understood assumption they will help you back

Front 24

bystander effect

Back 24

the more bystanders there are the less likely any will help a victim - diffusion of responsibility

Front 25

L&D
Notice the indident

Back 25

failure to notice b/c of time pressure/distractedness

Front 26

L&D
Interpret incident as emergency

Back 26

failure to interpret b/c others seem unconcerned (informational influence) or one doesn't want to stand out (normative influence)

Front 27

L&D
assume responsibility for helping

Back 27

failure b/c of social loafing, dear of being hurt, lack of empathy, desensitization.

Front 28

effects of positive mood on helping

Back 28

people are more likely to help if they are in a good mood (primed with compliments, cookies etc)

Front 29

effects of negative mood on helping

Back 29

guilt/blows to self esteem - yes. anger depression, grief - no.

Front 30

ways of increasing helping behavior

Back 30

create empathy for victim, guilt for not helping, door in the face (big favor first), model altruism, educate about social psych findings

Front 31

normative influence

Back 31

don't want to stand out

Front 32

informational influence

Back 32

don't want to be wrong

Front 33

personality traits that influence helping

Back 33

empathy, self-monitoring, religiosity

Front 34

cheater detection mechanism

Back 34

helps reciprocal altruists keep from being taken advantage of

Front 35

social capital

Back 35

the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network

Front 36

moral exclusion

Back 36

the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness

Front 37

overjustification effect

Back 37

the result of bribing peole to do what they already like doing.

Front 38

conflict

Back 38

perceived incompatibility of actions or goals (zero-sum game)

Front 39

zero-sum games

Back 39

incompatibility of actions/goals

Front 40

non-zero-sum game

Back 40

goals only partially conflict - social dilemma

Front 41

prisoner's dilemma

Back 41

if both people cooperate, less sentencing for both - trust

Front 42

give-some games

Back 42

people don't give enough to a common resource

Front 43

take-some games

Back 43

people take too much from a common resource

Front 44

tragedy of the commons

Back 44

some (or all) keep taking a little more than their share, until the common resource disappears

Front 45

ways of inducing cooperation in social dilemma

Back 45

eliminate threats and the capacity to make threats, top down regulation - laws, ensure open and honest communication, change the payoff matrix (offer incentives - carpool lane), make appeals to altruistic norms - social responsibility, create group identity/sense of belonging

Front 46

tit for tat strategy

Back 46

1. start off cooperating
2. punish if taken advantage of
3. forgive when other repents
best you can do it tie

Front 47

cooperator

Back 47

goal=maximize joint outcome (non-zero-sum assumption)

Front 48

individualist

Back 48

goal=maximize self outcome. (zero-sum assumption?)

Front 49

competitior

Back 49

goal=maximize difference between self and other (zero-sum assumption

Front 50

mirror-image misperceptions

Back 50

reciprocal views of each other often held in parties in conflict. for example, each may view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive.

Front 51

jigsaw technique

Back 51

each group only doing part of project, need to assemble together.

Front 52

bargaining

Back 52

seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties.

Front 53

mediation

Back 53

an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions.

Front 54

arbitration

Back 54

resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement.

Front 55

GRIT

Back 55

a strategy designed to deescalate international tensions

Front 56

peace

Back 56

a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial friendships

Front 57

social trap

Back 57

a situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing its self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 58

equal-status contact

Back 58

contact on a equal basis. just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status.

Front 59

superordinate goal

Back 59

a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort a goal that overrides peoples differences from one another.

Front 60

integrative agreements

Back 60

win-win agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit.

Front 61

problems with eyewtiness testimony

Back 61

witness's mis-encoding due to stress/wrong focus of attention/outgroup homogeneity, witness's mis-retrieval due to leading questions, jurors' inability to judge witnesses' accuracy or lying, problems and biases in line-up identifications

Front 62

problems with having accused face jury

Back 62

attractiveness and similarity

Front 63

problems occurring after jury is sequestered

Back 63

groupthink and normative influence

Front 64

reactance

Back 64

a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. arises when someone threatens our sense of freedom.

Front 65

SWB

Back 65

combination of high positive mood, high life satisfaction and low negative mood

Front 66

leading a virtuous life

Back 66

Happiness: adhering to society's vision of morality

Front 67

life satisfaction

Back 67

Happiness: having a positive cognitive evaluation of one's life as a whole.

Front 68

mood balance

Back 68

Happiness: having many positive moods and few negative moods.

Front 69

happiness and money

Back 69

within country, money has weak association with happiness, but between countries, high association

Front 70

can happiness be increased?

Back 70

very difficult: genetic set-point and hedonic treadmill

Front 71

social comparison

Back 71

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.