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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Factors that are involved with opening feelings with one another; what happens at the beginning stages when you like someone
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Interpersonal Attraction
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Distance; ind. close in this tend to like each other; can use this as an indicator of how much you like someone
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Proximity
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Proximity alone does not get attraction; must have _____ as well with will facilitate attraction
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Contact
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We like people who are like us; "birds of a feather flock together"- opposites do not attract
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Similarity
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We like people who like us; but we REALLY like people who used to hate us and now they like us
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Reciprocity
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Individual incounters someone in a good mood, then everytime they are around this person, they themselves are in a good mood; also can work in a neg way - if around someone in a bad mood, then you will also be in bad mood and you will not like them
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Reinforcement Affect Model
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Attributions are causes that we assign to bx; first type of sexual attraction is arousal; can misattribute this arousal to the individual; i.e. arousal from sonething else (scary movie) is misattributed to this person
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Misattributed arousal
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One of the most important things in attraction; huge role in interpersonal attraction
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Physical attractiveness
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Physcial attractivenss is _____ _____; however it it general to everyone
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Cultural dependent
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If a person believes that a certain ____ matches what is normal, then that person will be attractive
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Trait
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Fluctuations on what we think is attractive; based on another group
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Comparison factor
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Individual tend to be matched up in established relationships
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Matching hypothesis
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Ind will give a _____ rating to their significant other than themselves
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Higher
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Social Perceptions:
Causes of bx; what it is that is the cause will spend cognitive effort in this task because if we feel as though we understand why people do what they do, we will have a sence of control |
Attributions
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Social Perceptions:
Locus of causality; involves where is the cause? |
Classify
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When the cause in some wher in the environment/ setting; person wasn't the cause, but something in the situation; i.e. going to the hospital = cause for speeding
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External/ situational
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WHen the cause is something about traits; who we are is the cause; caused by something by something; he was wreckless, smart, clumsy
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Internal/ dispositional
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Other attributional factors:
Fluctuates; is varient; i.e. getting lucky and studing hard = both can change |
Stability
Lucky/ studying = Unstable = when it can change Smart/ athlete = when it can't change; stable |
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When the cause for the bx is uncontrollable like strep throat or drinking and throwing up (controlable)
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Controllability
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This leads to generation of long potential list of attributions; i.e. if you think you did badly on a test, and you did good or vis-visa.
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Unexpected outcomes / failer or success
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If if impacts you, will generate a long; i.e. if YOU are a smart student, and YOU did badly on a test = long list of attribution
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Self-relevent
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Tells us when we form internal/ external attributions
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Kelley's Covaration Theroy
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The extent to which this person does this bx in this setting
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Consistancy
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The extent to which this person does this bx in other settings
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Distinctiveness
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The extent to which other people do this bx in this setting
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Consensus
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If you don't have enough info. to form an attribution, then will just ______
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use the info that we have
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Kelley's Covaration Theory; manipulating the cause: When you reduce the importance of the cause if other potential causes exist; when you question your attribution; i.e. see a person strike out and hear that he has the flu
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Discounting Principle
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Kelley's Covaration Theory; manipulating the cause: Can strengthen the importance of causes if factor is present that should inhit the bx; you think attribution is correct, and now it is stronger; i.e. See person strike out and hear that the pitcher is the worst in the league.
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Augmenting Principle
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"other directed"; tend to overemphysize internal cuase; other people are doing things b/c of who they are, not b/c of environment
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Fundamental Attribution error
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We do fundamental attribution error b/c: This is whatever we attend to; the cause is whatever our focus is on; was the reason or cuase; i.e. bad batter or good pitcher?
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Focus of attention
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We do fundamental attribution error b/c: Three stages in this...
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Effort Requried
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Effort Required:
stage 1= |
Identifcation of the bx; figuring out the "what"
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Effort Required:
stage 2 = |
Automatic internal attributions
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Automatic internal attribution are more
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reliable b/c the brain likes it easy
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Effort Required:
Step 3 |
Effortful external attributions
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External attributions, two things must happen first:
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1. Low distraction (b/c external attributions take a lot of effort)
2. Have a lot of info about the situation |
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Attributional errors; why they happen:
third thing |
Culture
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Culture attributions:
Those culture whose focus is on the ind; "you, you, you... me me me" |
Individualistic
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Culture attribution:
About the group; doesnt focus on person |
Collectivlistic
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Self-directed error; why did we do that? Tend to internalize succuess and externalize failures
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Self-serving bias
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These type of explinations imply motivation; involves desire/ intent/ purpose; the person has gained from this
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"Hot" explinations
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These type of explinations are like computers; we do this because thats how we are made; no motive/desire/purpose
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"Cold" explinations
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WHen depressed people/ low levels of self-esteem do not exibit "hot" approach; if they fail, they will take the blame
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Depressive Realism
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Has to do with the "self serving bias" at a group level; i.e. "we" are smart, "my team" had a lot of injuries
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Ultimate attribution error
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Also called Impression management; our desire to manipulate how others look/see us; managemnt of impressions you have of me
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Self-presentation
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Can do self-presentation by: letting people know things about yourself
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Direct tactics
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Direct tactics:
Saying something good about yourself |
Self-enhancing
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Direct tactics:
Saying something bad about yourself |
Self-deprecating
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One way to self-deprecate:
Occurs post-event; done something wella nd then you down-play the event |
Modesty
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One way to self deprecate:
Occurs before/ prior to the event; set up an expectancy for failure; study a lot, then when asked say "I think I'll do alright." |
Sandbagging
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Direct tactics:
Bumper sticker on cars; what we wear; what is on wall in an office |
Physical environment
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How you can do self-presentation: manage our impression thorugh our group membership
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Indirect tatics
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Indirect tatics:
Increase our assoication with a successful group b/c it makes us look good; like wearing an MSU t-shirt after a win; "we" were successful |
Basking in Reflected Glory or BIRG
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Indirect tatics: Decrease our association with unsuccessful groups; "they" lost; will decrease wearing of t-shirts after the game
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Cutting off reflected failure or CORF
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Indirect tatics: Concern with what is going to happen in future; privatly may BIRG but publically will...
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Cutting off future failure or COFF
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If you are highly identified to a group, you will not
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Cut off reflected failure or CORF
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If you are CORF, or concerned about the future, you will not
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BIRG or bask
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Self perception/ views of ourself
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Self-idenity
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Mental representations of ourself; i.e. student, friend, daughter; like a package of files and it is the "largest one at the front of the door"
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Self-schemas
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It is because of self-schemas that _____ happens or the fact that one is quicker to respont to questions about ourselves than any other question
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Self-reference effect
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These are self beliefs that we have about ourself; preceived
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Self-knowledge
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Where self-knowleges comes from:
- we get an idea of who we are based on what we see of ourselves in others; how poeple respond to us, how they feel; how they act |
"looking glass self"
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Where self-knowleges comes from: I don't care what others are saying with respect to this schema, I'm teh one who really knows
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True inner self
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Can self idenity change? yes because of ____, ____, ____. However it is resistant to change and probably not going to happen; if it does, it will be slow and gradual
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Attention, encode and retrieval
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When someones self-knowledge changes, it can be
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Violent
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Situation when individual is afraid that they might fail at some important task; set it up some way that provides an excuse for failure; i.e. "I didn't study" or "I stayed up late the night before"
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Self-handicapping
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Self-handicapping: WHen you don't study and then you pass the test =
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Ego enhancement
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Self-handicapping: Afraid you are going to fail at something, so make an excuse for failure
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Ego-protection
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Self-confidence; our believes that we have the ability to achieve a certain level on a task
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Self-efficacy
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Self-efficacy sources: What we learn from ourselves
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Past success/ failures
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Self-efficacy sources: If a 4.0 student took a class and got an E, would you take the class? What you learn from others.
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Observational learning
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Self-efficacy sources: Other people telling you "you can/ can't do this"; Hard for this to override past successes and failures, especially when there is more than one
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Persuasion
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Self-efficacy sources: Perceived level of psysiological arousal
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Interpretation
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Involves our critical self-evaluations
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Self-esteem
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Self-esteem type:
Overall self-evaluation; "I am a good person" |
Global
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Self-esteem type:
One type of individual trait/ domain; "I am a good friend/ student/ athlete." |
Specific
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Self-esteem type:
Enduring evaluation; long-term; how you usually feel about yourself. |
Trait
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Self-esteem type:
Evaluation at that particular time, greater flucations; if something bad happens, will have a lower self esteem |
State
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Self-esteem type:
Own individual characteristics; "How smart are you?" |
Personal
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Self-esteem type:
Groups of people; "How caring is my youth group at church." Gender... |
Socail/ collective
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The group with the most aggression was....
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High self-esteem, unstable
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The group with the lowest aggression was....
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Low self-esteem both stable and unstable
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If we are motivated to like ourselves, and we can choose, then why are there people with low self-esteem?
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Subjective well being
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Subjective well-being:
They may not know who they are |
Confused self-concept
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Subjective well-being:
They have a predominatnly _____ schema |
Negative
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Because of ____ and ____, the mentatilty of people with low self-esteem seem to think that success is out of reach
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Ego-enhancement and ego-protection
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People who do ego enhancemnt =
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High self-esteem individuals
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Poeple with ego protection
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Low self-esteem ind.
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People with _____ had an exagerated amount of post-decision dissonance
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low self esteem
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This states that people with low self esteem has two contridicting motives
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Double bind of low self esteem
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Motive one of Double bind of low self esteem states that
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Low self esteemers want the things that everyone else has; want positive feedback
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Motive two of Double bind of low self esteem states that low self esteem people have the need to varify there self in they eyes of others; want others to tell them they they are BAD at something or neg feedback
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Self-varification (this one wins)
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If low-self esteem ind. scored high on a test (where the higher the score the lower the stress), then they actually had _____ levels of stress because....
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increased
"the bad stuff fits" |
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Depression and self-concept:
People with severe depression scored lowest on global but much higher in _____ b/c ... |
Specific b/c "my three dollars is worth your three dollars."
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Stratagy to keep evaluation of best area high: low level of self-esteem people tend to not compare themselves with people who are lower than them except in a specific area where they feel good
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Down-ward socail comparison
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Stratagy to keep evaluation of best area high: This is negative except in best areas where all of a sudden, it is positive
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Self-varification
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Stratagy to keep evaluation of best area high: Will do this is best area only: internilize success and externilze failures
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Self-serving bias
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unjustifiable, negative attitude toward a group and its members
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Prejudice
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Sources of Prejudice:
Why "they" are down here and why "they" are higher up |
Social inequalities
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Sources of Prejudice:
When loaded cognitively, we are more likely to rely on prejudice; i.e. during a test |
Cognitive load
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Sources of Prejudice:
Just going along with the group |
Conformity
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Sources of Prejudice: Churches; greatest predictor is religiousity; business; schools
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Insitiutions
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Sources of Prejudice:
Not everyone can get what they want |
Limited resources
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Sources of Prejudice: They do it b/c thats what they were taught/ reared to prejudice
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Socail learning
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Can adopt prejudical attitudes about people hwo are battling against us to get the limited resources
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Realistic conflict theory
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We can use our group membership or collective self-esteem to make ourselves feel better
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Self-esteem hypothosis
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Two key components to Self-esteem hypothosis: WHen a threat has been made to our social idenity we can use collective self-essteem by:
1. Can enhance our identify by saying bad/ hostile things about others; also called _____ 2. Can enhance our own group; say good things about the "we" in the group |
1. Out-group derogation
2. In- group favortism |
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Will do out-group derogation in order to get back at someone; especailly if you are _____
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highly identified
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In our brains, we have schemas that help us have short cuts
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Categorization
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Categorization side effect: The we's and the thems
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Prejudice
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Schemas that are different in complexity
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Differnt Schematic Complexity
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Differnt Schematic Complexity can lead to a big complex "file" for the _____ and a small one for the _____
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Ingroup
Outgroup |
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Having differnt size files for each group will lead to _____ or the tendency to have more extreme evaluation for outgroup than incroup
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Outgroup extrimity effect
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OEE or outgroup extrimity effect is a _____ process
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cold
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(From neg to pos eval of...)
NO, NI, PI, PO |
OEE
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This happens b/c we have limited cog capacity; when we learn more things about the ingroup, it is a smaller percent then we we learn things about the outgroup; it just sticks in our minds
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Outgroup Extrimity effect
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When you have one person in the ingroup that you really want to be in the group, or you really don't want to be in the group
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Ingroup extrimity effect (IEE)
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What drives the IEE is...
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increased levels of group identification
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(From neg to pos eval of)
NI, NO, PO, PI |
IEE
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The NI or negative ingroup represents the ....
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black sheep
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If you don't care
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OEE
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If you care a lot
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IEE
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