Social Psych, Stress, And Psychotherapy

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

-how people influence each other
-how people interact & the behavior of people in groups

Front 2

Kurt Lewin– three types of leadership

Back 2

Autocratic- (dictatorial) work got done only when they were watched- hostility, aggression, in-fighting
Laissez-faire - (leaderless) chaos– little work got done
Democratic- work got done w. more creativity, motivation, and satisfaction

Front 3

Solomon Asch

Back 3

ConformityIn an experiment apparently on perception:
-70% “wrongly” conform, and “lie” about their experience
(Peer pressure) This was followed by rationalizations.
-30% remain independent
-this experiment shows the power of the group to produce conformity

Front 4

Stanley Milgram

Back 4

Obedience to authority
-2/3 administered the full shock to the “stooge” learner
experts predicted this would only rarely happen
Thus normal people behave badly in bad circumstances

Front 5

Attribution Theory

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Fritz Heider theorized that human behavior was attributed to either personality (disposition) or the situation.

Front 6

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 6

we attribute behavior to personalities instead of situations

Front 7

Bystander Apathy

Back 7

people refuse to intervene when something wrong is being done
There is “danger in numbers.” The more people are standing around and watching, the less chance any one person may decide to do something.

Front 8

Bystander Altruism or Prosocial Behavior

Back 8

where people help each other

Front 9

Stanford Prison Experiment

Back 9

-People who play prisoners become passive, helpless, dejected.
- guards become brutal and domineering.
Two week experiment was stopped after one week because “prisoners” were being emotionally damaged

Front 10

Ellen Langer: Vision Improvement

Back 10

-40% of student “pilots” improved vision
-visual ability improved in certain situations by mental “set”
(Flight suit and working flight simulator)
Thus, visual acuity isn’t just physiological.

Front 11

The power of cognitive control

Back 11

how our attitudes and beliefs can shape our experience for better or worse.

Front 12

How We Construct Reality

Back 12

reality is subjective

Front 13

Jane Elliot (a third grade teacher) experiment in Prejudice.

Back 13

-taught third graders that blue-eyed people are better than brown-eyed people, Then: vice-versa
those seen as inferior/superior acted accordingly
this resulted in increased empathy, and children made cognitive gains as well.

Front 14

Robert Rosenthal- Self-fulfilling prophesy
experiment:

Back 14

kids got smarter when expected to do so by teacher
Four factors:
1. warm climate
2. input factor (more)
3. response opportunity factor (more chance to respond)
4. feedback
repeated with “smart” vs. “slow” lab rats.

Front 15

Jigsaw Classroom

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each child teaches/helps the others learn
-instead of competition there’s cooperation & interdependence
You can’t learn the whole lesson without each group member

Front 16

Social Facilitation

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-When people watch what we’re doing if we already do it well, we tend to do it better. (In one experiment, even cockroaches run faster when other cockroaches are watching!!!)

Front 17

The Enlightenment Effect

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all the psychological research has improved our understanding of human behavior and functioning as human beings

Front 18

De-individuation

Back 18

anytime people get together lose self-
Awareness (eg. mob rule)

Front 19

Scapegoat theory

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when prejudice gives outlet for anger by
giving us someone to blame

Front 20

Social Loafing

Back 20

People relax more when combining their efforts to reach a common goal. This is an avoidance of individual responsibility

Front 21

Groupthink

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The belief that group wisdom will invariably prevail and succeed

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Prejudice

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An unreasonable or illogical attitude of discrimination against a group or it’s members.

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The Just-World Phenomenon

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The belief that when some people suffer misfortune or disaster, they must deserve it in some way.

Front 24

Cognitive Dissonance

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when two discrepant communications or perceptions produce a conflict within us. We tend to want to resolve this dissonance.

Front 25

three definitions of stress

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- Stress is the body’s non-specific response to a demand. (Hans Selye)
- A process by which we appraise and cope with environmental
challenges– (from the text)
- The experience of being taxed or challenged almost beyond our ability to cope

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Stressor

Back 26

trigger in the environment that leads to a stress response

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Eustress

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positive stress; something we pursue in order not to be bored

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Distress

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the negative type of stress; something we put up with

Front 29

The anatomy of a stress response

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Stressor (leads to what we) Think (leads to some)
Emotional / Physiological reaction (which leads to)
Some action we take to reduce the stress.

Front 30

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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Alarm: result of the ”fight or flight” response
Resistance: attempt to cope with challenge
Exhaustion: we run out of resources
And experience burnout-
Hans Selye

Front 31

“change” the word most associated with stress (whether for the better or for the worse) So_______________________________________________________

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even beneficial events can be stressful

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Resilience or Hardiness

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the person who does well with stress shows three characteristics:
1.welcomes challenge
2.committed to solving problems
3. has an internal locus of control

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Control

Back 33

the more we believe we are in control, the less our stress. The less we believe we have control, the greater our stress.

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Cognitive control

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we have the ability to think differently about our stressors to modify their impact on us.

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Type A person

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urgent, driven, ambitious, easily upset
- Both anger and depression tend to increase heart disease it was thought that type A’s suffered more heart attacks.
- Now the key risk factor (psychologically) is believed to be hostility (chronic resentment) and depression also leads to more heart disease

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Type B person

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mellow, relaxed, easy-going

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Two strategies to cope with stress

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1. Problem focused—meet the challenge head on
2. Emotion focused—vent, complain, or use some of the Freudian defense mechanisms (eg. Project blame)

Front 38

P.T.S.D—Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

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stress lasts long after trauma
PTSD can also come from: sexual abuse, natural disasters, other
trauma.

Front 39

Best teatment for P.T.S.D.

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medication and therapy
To help ward off PTSD, subjects can undergo proactive coping to better prepare to deal with the after-effects of trauma.

Front 40

Burnout

Back 40

career or relationship fatigue, being fed up.
too many hassles can lead to burnout.

Front 41

Hassle

Back 41

minor, often frequent irritations, that tax our ability to cope

Front 42

Six Protective Factors against the effects of stress

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Social Support
Intimate relationships
Faith
Exercise
Optimism
Internal Locus of Control

Front 43

The diathesis

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stress hypothesis. This states that some inherent vulnerability, perhaps genetic, is triggered by some environmental event (a stressor) and some problematic behavior or symptom results.

Front 44

Kahn’s theory

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A. Stress is a result of role conflict (OR)
B. Stress is a result of role ambiguity

Front 45

Levinson’s theory.

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Stress is a result of a discrepancy between your self –image (the way you are) and your ego – ideal (the way you would like to be.)

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Lazarus’ cognitive theory ( three stages of appraisal.)

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Stage one—an event is perceived as either beneficial or negative.
a. If beneficial, there is no problem
b. If negative it is either harmful (the damage is done) or threatening.
1. If harmful, you go into damage control.
2. If threatening, you proceed to stage two
Stage two—you ask yourself, “What are my resources, options, strategies? and you take action
Stage three—you ask yourself, “How well is it working?

Front 47

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy– Aaron Beck

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most popular today, very present centered
good for depression and anxiety, and other mood disorders
challenges thinking that isn’t logical
in this approach we suffer from maladaptive cognitions (thoughts) and should change them.

Front 48

Family Therapy

Back 48

started in the 1950's, when child patients got well in the hospital and were sent back home to dysfunctional families and got sick all over again
One basic principle-- see all family members together in therapy
Here, the therapist will seek to understand family interaction and communication patterns, and how they lead to problems

Front 49

Group Therapy

Back 49

Economical for providers
Good for clients to develop social skills which they can practice in a safe environment.
Good to help people realize that they’re not alone
Good for getting feedback from peers
One drawback– this might not be enough to produce much change

Front 50

Hypnotherapy

Back 50

started with Mesmer,
Assumption-- belief in the power of the unconscious for change.
Trance happens all the time. Hypnosis is therefore easy, but not so hypnotherapy.
Often this emphasizes the past, using age regression and re-decisioning to resolve past trauma.

Front 51

Gestalt Therapy

Back 51

Fritz Perls
Strong here and now emphasis, with strong focus on non-verbal behavior.
But this seeks to resolve “unfinished business” from the past, and to integrate different parts of yourself.
A quote from Perls: “Lose your mind and come to your senses”
This is thus very feeling oriented!
The goal here is integration through a fully developed awareness of ourselves.
There is much emphasis on non-verbal communication, which Perls thought was “truer” than the verbal

Front 52

RET– (Rational Emotive Therapy) – Ellis (renamed REBT)

Back 52

“rational” means that which leads to happiness
people with problems suffer from “stinking thinking” and irrational beliefs
Ellis: the essence of neurotic disturbance is blame (either of ourselves or others.)
If you want a better life, change your thoughts and this will change your feelings.
Ellis says people get problems when they “catastrophize” their thinking.
Both Ellis and Beck think that if we have problems, we need to modify our dysfunctional thinking about ourselves, the world, and our future.

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Existential Therapy

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key concepts– “thrownness”, anxiety, guilt, death, choice, freedom, responsibility– this approach focuses on the present and the future
This approach offers a way of coping with the uncertainty of life
One notable existential therapist: Victor Frankl who founded Logotherapy.
Frankl survived the concentration camps and believed that others who did so, like himself, endured because they had a meaning or a purpose.

Front 54

the followers of Freud—the neo-freudians.

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In both Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, they dispensed with the analyst’s couch and also de-emphasized the sexual elements of Psychoanalysis (which was more pure Freud.) Object Relations was another variation on this theme that analyzed your current relationships (attachments) in terms of your past.