Social Psych Final

Front 1

What's most powerful predictor of friendship?

Back 1

Proximity- functional distance

Front 2

Functional distance

Back 2

How often people's paths cross.

Front 3

Why does proximity predict liking?

Back 3

1-Increases opportunity for interaction.
2-Anticipating interaction promotes liking.
3-Mere exposure promotes liking.

Front 4

Explain study about liking and exposure.

Back 4

Subjects got a dossier of 2 people. Were told they would meet one of them after. Would consistently like the one they anticipated meeting.

Front 5

The more we are exposed to novel stimuli. But what are the qualifications?

Back 5

1.Works BEST when we are not aware of the exposure.
2.Exposure can't be continuous.
3.Doesn't work if we have a strong, pre-existing opinion.

Front 6

Does physical attractiveness matter?

Back 6

Yes.

Front 7

Attractiveness and dating frequency.

Back 7

Attractiveness moderately predicts dating frequency. Slightly more for women than men.

Front 8

What is the matching phenomenon?

Back 8

-We tend to choose partners who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.

Front 9

What do 'less attractive' partners often do?

Back 9

Compensate, ex. by being wealthy.

Front 10

What is the physical attractiveness stereotype?

Back 10

-Presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits.
-Whatever is beautiful is good.
-Whatever is ugly is bad.

Front 11

Do opposites attract?

Back 11

no. Based on a lot of research.

Front 12

Do birds of a feather flock together?

Back 12

Yes.
Likeness begets liking.
Dissimilarity breeds dislike.

Front 13

Attribution

Back 13

Liking begets liking, if it's believable (not fake).

Front 14

Self-esteem and attraction.

Back 14

Low self-esteem increases our tendency to find others attractive. (rebound).

Front 15

Is love blind?

Back 15

No. We marry similar people.

Front 16

Passionate love

Back 16

Intense longing.
Ecstatic when we gain.
Desolate when we loose.

Front 17

Companionate love

Back 17

Deep, affectionate, attachment.
Affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.

Front 18

Two factor theory of emotion.

Back 18

arousal + label = emotion
-Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder.

Front 19

Attachment styles:

Back 19

Secure.
Avoidant.
- Dismissive (distrust of others)
- Fearful (fear of rejection)
Preoccupied
-anxious, ambivalent, (indifferent or hostile)

Front 20

As adults avoidant attached will be:

Back 20

short term relationships.

Front 21

As adults preoccupied attached will be:

Back 21

make-up/break-up cycle.

Front 22

Equity

Back 22

-Gains from the relationship should be equal to what's put in it.
-Long term relationships focus on long-term equity.

Front 23

Disclosure reciprocity

Back 23

Tendency to match your disclosure with the other person's.

Front 24

Coping with a failing relationship. Three ways:

Back 24

-Loyalty. Stick it out and wait for things to improve.
-Neglect. Ignore problems, wait for deterioration.
-Talking. Voice concerns, work to solve problems.

Front 25

Why do we help- 3 theories

Back 25

Social Exchange
Social Norms
Evolutionary theory

Front 26

Altruism- Social Exchange theory

Back 26

Interactions are transactions that aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs. (nonconsciously)

Front 27

Is helping simply disguised self-interest? Research suggests:

Back 27

Yes- We help others to reduce our own distress.
No - Empathy leads to increased helping.

Front 28

Altruism - Social Norms theory.

Back 28

The reciprocity norm.
-Universal expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.
The social-responsibility norm.
-Expectation that people will help those dependent on them. We help 'victims' but not the negligent.

Front 29

Altruism - Evolutionary theory.

Back 29

Kin selection. Help shared genes.
Reciprocity. Help those who will help us in the future.

Front 30

Situational influences in helping

Back 30

Number of bystanders.
Help when someone else does.
Time Pressures.

Front 31

Bystander effect

Back 31

Less likely to help when there is a group of bystanders.

Front 32

What needs to happen for helping to occur:

Back 32

Noticing.
Interpreting.
Assuming responsibility.

Front 33

Bystanders inhibit most when:

Back 33

1.They are strangers.
2.The number of bystanders inhibits noticing.
3.The emergency appears ambiguous.
4. They can't easily read each others' reactions.
5. They can assume someone else can help.

Front 34

Altruism and feelings:

Back 34

-Guilt.
-Sad, (adults, but not children) will help if it will improve their mood.
-Happy, happy people are more helpful people.
-Non-helping moods: anger, depression, grief.

Front 35

What are the helpful personality traits?

Back 35

Empathy, self-efficacy, high self-monitoring.

Front 36

Helping and gender.

Back 36

Men more often help women, but women help either gender equally.

Front 37

Helping and similarity.

Back 37

More likely to help those similar to us. Also true with race, but only if we won't appear racist.

Front 38

To get help:

Back 38

1. Reduce ambiguity. Make it clear you need help.
2. Increase responsibility. By decreasing anonymity.
3. Trigger guilt.
4.Increase concern for self image.
- Door-in-the-face technique (after large request refused, offer a more reasonable one).
- Every penny will help.

Front 39

To socialize altruism:

Back 39

1. Teach moral inclusion.
2. Model.
3. Avoid overjustification (bribes, ect)
4. Learning about altruism increases it.

Front 40

Define Conflict

Back 40

Perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

Front 41

Prisoner's dilemma

Back 41

Both confess= both 5 years
Neither confess= both 1 year
One confess= confessor 0 years, non confessor 10 years.

Front 42

Tragedy of the commons.

Back 42

Everybody uses one cow, everybody happy. Everybody use two cows, commons ruined. You use two cows, but nobody else, you double gain, but commons fine.

Front 43

Primary features of a social dilemma.

Back 43

-Triggers fundamental attribution error (I'm influenced by situation, you by character)
-Leads to changing motives (make money, minimize loss, avoid defeat)
-Tends to be non-zero sum game (cooperation can be win-win, competition can be lose-lose)

Front 44

Resolving social dilemmas:

Back 44

1.Regulate self-serving behavior.
2.Make group sizes small. (increases responsibility)
3.Communication
4. Change payoff schedule (make cooperation more rewarding)
5.Appeal for altruistic norms.

Front 45

What else kindles conflict?

Back 45

Competition.
Perceived injustice (My outcome/input does not equal yours).
Misperception. (Like mirror-image perception. Both sides attribute same positive stuff to self and negative stuff to other)

Front 46

The four C's of making peace.

Back 46

Contact.
Cooperation.
Communication.
Conciliation.

Front 47

Contact.
When does desegregation improve racial attitudes.

Back 47

1. Prolonged, personal contact.
2. Equal-status contact.

Front 48

How to foster cooperation.

Back 48

1.Common external threats.
2.Superordinate goals (that are obtained!)
3. Cooperative learning.

Front 49

Explain Sherif's experiment.

Back 49

Fostered animosity between then had a supply truck break down in which they had to work together to get the supplies.

Front 50

Structured communication

Back 50

Bargaining.
Mediation (neutral 3rd party facilitates communication and offers suggestions. Looking for a win-win solution.
Arbitration. (neutral 3rd party studies both sides then imposes a settlement.)

Front 51

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)

Back 51

Strategy to de-escalate international relations.
1.State your desire to reduce tension.
2. Declare your intention to make a conciliatory act.
3. Carry out your verifiable conciliatory act.
4. Maintain your retaliatory capability.
5. Wait for your adversary's response.
6. Match your adversary's response (either conciliatory or aggressive).