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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Affiliation
The desire to be with other.
Social Comparison Theory
We have the drive/need to evaluate ourselves. Without objective standards, we evaluate ourselves compared to others.
Loneliness
Subjective sense of discomfort when we feel our relationships are lacking something; includes emotional, social
Emotional Loneliness
Feeling the absence of an intimate person in one’s life.
Social Loneliness
Feeling the lack of integration into a community/network/group of people.
Aloneness
Objective state of being apart from other people. Being alone can be pleasant or unpleasant.
Close Relationship
A relationship where there is frequent interaction over a long period of time, sharing of many different kinds of activities and events, mutual influence is strong, and a there is potential to experience strong emotions.
Association
We like people who we associate with good experiences and dislike people who we associate with bad experiences.
Reinforcement
Social approval
Social Exchange
cost vs. benefits assessment
“Pratfall Effect”
Outstanding person liked even more when make a slight mistake, but mediocre person like less.
Physical Attractiveness
We like people we are physically attracted to…facial, body
Similarity
We tend to like people who have similar attitudes, values, and interests.
Proximity
increases familiarity and similarity
Social Exchange Theory
Rewards vs. Costs we give and receive. We select partners we think will best reward us and arrange relationships with people to maximize rewards (not necessarily tangible).
Comparison Level:
baseline for what we feel we deserve; often based on past experiences and what we know about relationships from other sources, such as the media
Norm of Reciprocity
We must give to receive
Mere exposure effect: Studies find that simply being exposed to someone or something increases our liking.
Equity Theory
coordinates outcomes in regards to concerns with fairness in relationships
Common approaches to resolve conflict
voice, loyalty, neglect, exit; the first two ways are constructive whereas the other two means tend to be destructive
Self-disclosure
sharing personal info and feelings with another person; comes with limitations of coming on too strong/too fast
3 major themes of love
attachment, caring, trust & self-disclosure…caring is most important to being in love.
Passionate love
wild and emotional state
Companionate love
the affection we feel for those whose lives are deeply intertwined = endurance of relationships
Additive Task
Task where group productivity is the sum of the effort of all individuals in a group.
Conjunctive Task
Task where all members in a group have to succeed in order for the groups to succeed.
Disjunctive Task
Task where only one person needs to solve the problem for the group to succeed.
Group Polarization
When a group tends to make more extreme/polarized decisions than if members were making a decision on their own.
Groupthink
When an intelligent group arrives at a decision that ends up a disaster (example: Bay of Pigs Fiasco).
Social Loafing
The phenomenon in which one puts less effort in a goal when working in a group.
Deindividuation
A state of reduced self-awareness.
Trucking Game
We see little cooperation even when both players know it would be beneficial
A Painful Reminder (Holocaust film)
Makes us wonder about the human potential for evil, as well as a victim’s learned helplessness. How can some principles of social psychology affect our understanding of such occurrences?
Political Socialization
party identification
Pre-adult Socialization
party affiliations are strongly influenced by family, but specific opinions about candidates show much less influence
Persistence of Early Socialization
Bennington Study: Students that were liberal or conservative in their political views at college graduation tended to maintain those views 20 years later
Self-interest hypothesis
Voting according to one’s own economic interests or needs
Sociotropic hypothesis
Voting according to the current conditions of the national economy; shown to be more influential in voting
Stability of political attitudes
Strong political attitudes tend to remain stable over one’s lifetime. However, environmental changes (such as war or moving) can alter one’s attitudes, especially when one is less than 30 years of age. College is a great example of a time when people are introduced to a diversity of attitudes and may likely alter their political views
Ethic of Self-Reliance
We make internal attributions for our own economic circumstances, both good and bad. (We also believe that national conditions affect our own individual circumstances.)
Mass Media
Not very effective in changing political opinions. Media does, however, have the potential to convey information and “set the agenda” (i.e., historical coverage of J.F.K.’s death led to his increased popularity). Media is more effective at changing attitudes that are not deep rooted People tend to see what they want to see; the media may merely reinforce initial attitudes
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
Viewing health as the product of an interaction of biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors.
4 Areas of Health Psychology
Maintaining health, preventing/treating health, identifying causes and correlates of health and illness, improving the healthcare system and policy
Health behaviors
Actions we undertake to enhance or maintain our health. Today, as compared with the past when people died of infectious diseases, more people are dying of preventable diseases that are largely caused by our health behaviors
CA Study
People practicing more positive health behaviors were less sick, more energized, and missed less days of work. (College age individuals are very bad at practicing good health behaviors. It is important to keep in mind that although most health problems appear later in life, our present health behaviors direct the path that our health will take)
-positive health behaviors: sleeping 7-8 hours, not smoking, eating breakfast, no more than 1-2 drinks a day, exercising regularly, not eating between meals, being not more than 10% overweight
Stanford Study
Conducted with people at risk for heart disease. Media helps inform us and can bring some attitude change, but needs to be paired with face to face intervention to bring about more longstanding change (for the entire population, this is unfortunately impractical due to time and money)
Stress
What you consider to be stressful; can be positive or negative. Reducing stress enhances health
Stimulus/stressor/event
Perception/appraisal of stressor – Stress responses (emotional, physiological, behavioral, cognitive)
coping
Any attempt to manage stress, whether it is positive or negative, successful or unsuccessful
Types of Coping
1. Problem-focused (trying to change stressful circumstance)
2. Emotion-focused (changing emotional reaction to stressor)
Type A Personality/Coping Style
Characterized by hostility (the dangerous component), a sense of time urgency, and competitiveness; related to a greater risk of heart disease
Social Support
Interpersonal exchange in which someone helps another person; may be a) emotional b) instrumental c) informational and/or d)appraisal. Social support reduces stress in stressful situations, decreases the likelihood of illness, and increases the speed of recovery from illness.
Recognizing Symptoms
We are more likely to acknowledge symptoms when we are internally focused on our bodily states (and not distracted). We are also influenced by prior experiences and our expectations/beliefs
Chronic Disease
Self-blame can lead to taking control of the situation but may also lead to poor adjustment. Paradox- patients with chronic disease are often in need of social support but many have trouble receiving social support from their loved ones and experience feelings of abandonment. This may occur because their loved ones fear the terminal nature of the illness. Benefits are also found in patients with chronic disease, such as a newfound appreciation for life, oneself, and one’s loved ones
Social Psychology
Intuitive and unexpected. Largely considers the power of social situations rather than individual differences
Scientific Method
Hypothesis  design study  systematically record data  draw conclusions  consider limitations of study