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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Affiliation
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The desire to be with other.
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Social Comparison Theory
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We have the drive/need to evaluate ourselves. Without objective standards, we evaluate ourselves compared to others.
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Loneliness
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Subjective sense of discomfort when we feel our relationships are lacking something; includes emotional, social
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Emotional Loneliness
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Feeling the absence of an intimate person in one’s life.
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Social Loneliness
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Feeling the lack of integration into a community/network/group of people.
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Aloneness
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Objective state of being apart from other people. Being alone can be pleasant or unpleasant.
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Close Relationship
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A relationship where there is frequent interaction over a long period of time, sharing of many different kinds of activities and events, mutual influence is strong, and a there is potential to experience strong emotions.
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Association
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We like people who we associate with good experiences and dislike people who we associate with bad experiences.
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Reinforcement
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Social approval
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Social Exchange
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cost vs. benefits assessment
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“Pratfall Effect”
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Outstanding person liked even more when make a slight mistake, but mediocre person like less.
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Physical Attractiveness
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We like people we are physically attracted to…facial, body
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Similarity
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We tend to like people who have similar attitudes, values, and interests.
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Proximity
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increases familiarity and similarity
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Social Exchange Theory
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Rewards vs. Costs we give and receive. We select partners we think will best reward us and arrange relationships with people to maximize rewards (not necessarily tangible).
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Comparison Level:
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baseline for what we feel we deserve; often based on past experiences and what we know about relationships from other sources, such as the media
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Norm of Reciprocity
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We must give to receive
Mere exposure effect: Studies find that simply being exposed to someone or something increases our liking. |
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Equity Theory
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coordinates outcomes in regards to concerns with fairness in relationships
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Common approaches to resolve conflict
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voice, loyalty, neglect, exit; the first two ways are constructive whereas the other two means tend to be destructive
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Self-disclosure
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sharing personal info and feelings with another person; comes with limitations of coming on too strong/too fast
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3 major themes of love
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attachment, caring, trust & self-disclosure…caring is most important to being in love.
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Passionate love
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wild and emotional state
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Companionate love
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the affection we feel for those whose lives are deeply intertwined = endurance of relationships
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Additive Task
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Task where group productivity is the sum of the effort of all individuals in a group.
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Conjunctive Task
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Task where all members in a group have to succeed in order for the groups to succeed.
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Disjunctive Task
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Task where only one person needs to solve the problem for the group to succeed.
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Group Polarization
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When a group tends to make more extreme/polarized decisions than if members were making a decision on their own.
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Groupthink
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When an intelligent group arrives at a decision that ends up a disaster (example: Bay of Pigs Fiasco).
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Social Loafing
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The phenomenon in which one puts less effort in a goal when working in a group.
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Deindividuation
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A state of reduced self-awareness.
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Trucking Game
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We see little cooperation even when both players know it would be beneficial
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A Painful Reminder (Holocaust film)
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Makes us wonder about the human potential for evil, as well as a victim’s learned helplessness. How can some principles of social psychology affect our understanding of such occurrences?
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Political Socialization
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party identification
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Pre-adult Socialization
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party affiliations are strongly influenced by family, but specific opinions about candidates show much less influence
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Persistence of Early Socialization
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Bennington Study: Students that were liberal or conservative in their political views at college graduation tended to maintain those views 20 years later
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Self-interest hypothesis
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Voting according to one’s own economic interests or needs
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Sociotropic hypothesis
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Voting according to the current conditions of the national economy; shown to be more influential in voting
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Stability of political attitudes
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Strong political attitudes tend to remain stable over one’s lifetime. However, environmental changes (such as war or moving) can alter one’s attitudes, especially when one is less than 30 years of age. College is a great example of a time when people are introduced to a diversity of attitudes and may likely alter their political views
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Ethic of Self-Reliance
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We make internal attributions for our own economic circumstances, both good and bad. (We also believe that national conditions affect our own individual circumstances.)
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Mass Media
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Not very effective in changing political opinions. Media does, however, have the potential to convey information and “set the agenda” (i.e., historical coverage of J.F.K.’s death led to his increased popularity). Media is more effective at changing attitudes that are not deep rooted People tend to see what they want to see; the media may merely reinforce initial attitudes
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Biopsychosocial Model of Health
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Viewing health as the product of an interaction of biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors.
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4 Areas of Health Psychology
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Maintaining health, preventing/treating health, identifying causes and correlates of health and illness, improving the healthcare system and policy
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Health behaviors
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Actions we undertake to enhance or maintain our health. Today, as compared with the past when people died of infectious diseases, more people are dying of preventable diseases that are largely caused by our health behaviors
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CA Study
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People practicing more positive health behaviors were less sick, more energized, and missed less days of work. (College age individuals are very bad at practicing good health behaviors. It is important to keep in mind that although most health problems appear later in life, our present health behaviors direct the path that our health will take)
-positive health behaviors: sleeping 7-8 hours, not smoking, eating breakfast, no more than 1-2 drinks a day, exercising regularly, not eating between meals, being not more than 10% overweight |
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Stanford Study
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Conducted with people at risk for heart disease. Media helps inform us and can bring some attitude change, but needs to be paired with face to face intervention to bring about more longstanding change (for the entire population, this is unfortunately impractical due to time and money)
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Stress
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What you consider to be stressful; can be positive or negative. Reducing stress enhances health
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Stimulus/stressor/event
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Perception/appraisal of stressor – Stress responses (emotional, physiological, behavioral, cognitive)
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coping
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Any attempt to manage stress, whether it is positive or negative, successful or unsuccessful
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Types of Coping
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1. Problem-focused (trying to change stressful circumstance)
2. Emotion-focused (changing emotional reaction to stressor) |
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Type A Personality/Coping Style
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Characterized by hostility (the dangerous component), a sense of time urgency, and competitiveness; related to a greater risk of heart disease
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Social Support
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Interpersonal exchange in which someone helps another person; may be a) emotional b) instrumental c) informational and/or d)appraisal. Social support reduces stress in stressful situations, decreases the likelihood of illness, and increases the speed of recovery from illness.
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Recognizing Symptoms
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We are more likely to acknowledge symptoms when we are internally focused on our bodily states (and not distracted). We are also influenced by prior experiences and our expectations/beliefs
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Chronic Disease
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Self-blame can lead to taking control of the situation but may also lead to poor adjustment. Paradox- patients with chronic disease are often in need of social support but many have trouble receiving social support from their loved ones and experience feelings of abandonment. This may occur because their loved ones fear the terminal nature of the illness. Benefits are also found in patients with chronic disease, such as a newfound appreciation for life, oneself, and one’s loved ones
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Social Psychology
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Intuitive and unexpected. Largely considers the power of social situations rather than individual differences
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Scientific Method
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Hypothesis design study systematically record data draw conclusions consider limitations of study
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