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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who are more conscious about their gender - Men or Women? Why?
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Women because they lose opportunities due to their sex
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Who are more conscious about their race? Whites or Blacks? Why?
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Blacks because they are confronted with their race more often
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Who was the person behind the concept of "Unearned Privilege"?
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Peggy McIntosh
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The salience of social identities depends on what?
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Settings / Context
Who you are interacting with Your core self |
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Who wrote the Matrix of Dominance, Black Feminist Thought?
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Patricia Hill Collins
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_______ __________ refers to ways in which individuals or groups are ranked in society, according them different amounts of power, status, and prestige.
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Social Stratification
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Which school of thought focuses on who we interact with, the role of status during interactions, and the ability to define interactions?
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Symbolic Interactionsim
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What did Kathy Ferguson argue?
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that people in lower-status positions - women, those with lower education levels, racial and ethic minorities, etc. have to take the role of THE OTHER more often than their more powerful and prestigious counterparts.
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What is "doing gender"? Who defined this term?
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Doing gender is a social process in which individuals are held accountable to the social rules or norms associated with being a man or a woman in society. West and Zimmerman defined "doing gender".
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__________ refers to the creation of social and physical boundaries between boys and girls. Both groups perform a number of acts to strengthen differentiation.
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Borderwork
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______ __________ is any way in which inequality is perpetuated during our interactions as people are held accountable to the social categories to which they belong.
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Doing Difference
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______ ______ refers to a group of people who share the same relative status in a given society.
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Social class
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_______ ________ refers to upward or downward change in social class over time.
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Social mobility
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What represents the primary means of status development?
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Parents
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What did the Wisconsin Model of Status Attainment find?
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The model shows that our parents' social class background influences our expectations and aspirations about the future, which affect our educational and occupational goals, as well as our performance in school.
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Education is most important at _______ ages? (Younger or older?)
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Younger
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Shelley Correll found that...
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at similar math ability levels, boys overestimated their capabilities and girls underestimated their capabilities.
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______ ________ is the trust and social support found in relationships with other people.
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Social Capital
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Which are more important when it comes to finding work: strong ties or weak ties?
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Weak ties, Mark Granovetter found that 84% of people found jobs through people they see rarely or occasionally.
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Kohn and Schooler argued that there is an ongoing _________ _____ in which our class positions influence the development of values which in turn influences the types of jobs for which we look.
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Feedback loop
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Kohn and Schooler showed that 3 aspects of our jobs can have long-term effects on the development of our values. What are these 3 aspects?
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1. Closeness of supervision
2. Routinization of the work 3. Substantive complexity of the work |
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What does "routinization of work" refer to?
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The repetitiveness found on a job, how predictable a person's work tasks are.
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According to symbolic interactionists, ______ ________ is manifest in relationships between people.
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Social structure
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Status Characteristics Theory is well-supported in which theoretical tradition?
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Group Processes
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What theory links social roles and expectations from a larger society to stratification processes in groups?
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Status Characteristics Theory
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What are diffuse status characteristics? Give an example
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Diffuse status characteristics are characteristics that carry with them social expectations for performances in diverse situations. Gender, race, and education level are examples of diffuse status characteristics.
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What are specific status characteristics? Give an example
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Specific status characteristics are characteristics that create expectations for performance in limited settings. Skill at basketball is an example of a specific status characteristic. Skill at basketball is an example.
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True or false: the expectations people develop about themselves or others when it comes to group performance are typically consistent with those of the larger society.
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True
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True or false: People consciously give higher status or accept lower status based on things such as race, gender, education, and occupation.
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False, these processes occur outside of the conscious awareness of people.
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_______ and _______ represent two possible sources of power in networks.
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Centrality and Exclusion
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True or false: a person can be absolutely powerful or privileged.
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False, one can be advantaged in one area and disadvantaged in another
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Which part of your identity is most salient during a class lecture?
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The "student" part of your identity
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Which part of your identity is most salient during a visit to japan?
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Your ethnic identity
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"doing" gender / race / class in social interaction stems from which sociological school of thought?
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Symbolic Interactionsim
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The intersection perspective stems from which sociological school of thought?
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SSP
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Power in networks rests in the ability to ______________.
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Exclude others from things they want
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What is the PRIMARY source of power in networks?
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Exclusion
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True or false: an outsider location will allow one to develop a strong base of power
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False, a central location
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What is the difference between power and status?
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Status rests in individual characteristics whereas power is conferred by a structural position
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True or false: The SSP perspective helps us answer the questions related to how power and status develop in groups.
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False, the Group Processes Perspective
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True or false: The social structure and personality perspective focuses on how inequalities influence specific outcomes for people.
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True
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Part of Kohn and Schooler's model of status attainment referring to an individual's level of conservatism, fatalism, and personally responsible morality.
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Self-directed orientation
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The theory based on the premise that individuals enter into relationships that provide some benefit to them and end or leave relationships that do not provide some sort of reward.
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Social exchange theory
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Hierarchies that develop in task groups are called ______ _________
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Status Hierarchies
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What is a psychological schema?
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A framework of cognition that we use to organize information about a person, a group, a role, or an event.
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What are the purposes of having schemas?
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Helps us recall information
Helps process information faster Guides our inferences and judgments Reduces ambiguity of situations |
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Cognitive structures that describe the personalities of other individuals are called _______ ______.
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Person schemas
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What is the Implicit Personality Theory?
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A theory about which personality attributes tend to go together and which do not.
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Stereotypes are usually applied to ___-______ members.
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OUT - GROUP
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Describe the “Outgroup homogeneity effect”
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We tend to classify people who are not in our in-group as being similar to one another. ‘They’re all like that’ is a common reference term. In contrast, we see people in out in-group as being more individual.
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_________ is defined as an attitude of dislike or active hostility toward a particular group in society.
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Prejudice
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Can stereotypes be positive or are they always negative?
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They can be both positive and negative
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What are three errors we make when we hold stereotypes?
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False consensus effect
Confirmation bias Self fulfilling prophecy |
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What are the consequences of stereotypes?
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Prejudice
Discrimination Pre-judgment Misunderstanding Low self-esteem |
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Are stereotypes ecological fallacies?
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Yes
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Do our person schemas depict the whole picture of a person?
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No, our person schemas rarely take into account every aspect of a person.
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_________ ___________ refers to the classification of people into groups based on their common attributes.
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Social Categorization
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Who wrote "Systems of Inequality"?
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Lynn Weber
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True or false: Lynn Weber argues that systems of inequality are biologically determined.
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False, Weber argues that systems of inequality are SOCIALLY constructed
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What are the consequences of structural differences?
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Impacts on self-concepts, the self, & social identities.
Impact on social interactions (different treatments & behaviors) Unequal access to social resources Social inequalities |
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o A person’s “statement” is constructed by his or her structural positions, which is an intersection of that person’s gender, race, social class, and sexuality. (Which school of thought does this embody?)
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The intersection perspective, SSP
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Is it more difficult to think of disadvantages of the dominant group or the subservient group?
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It is more difficult to think of disadvantages of the dominant group
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1. Closeness of supervision
2. Routinization of the work 3. Substantive complexity of work Who studied these concepts and what did they find? |
Kohn and Schooler found that those 3 aspects of our jobs can have long-term effects on the development of our values, their research shows that society can structure our development in a way that maintains our class positions.
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Characteristics that create expectations for performance in limited settings are called what?
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Specific status characteristics
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When people do not receive benefits directly from those to whom they give benefits, it is called what?
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Indirect or generalized exchanges
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When two people exchange something it is called what?
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A direct exchange
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Characteristics that individuals carry with them for performances in diverse situations are called what?
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Diffuse status characteristics
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____________ is the idea that race, gender, and class statuses are not separate, but interlocking systems of inequality
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Intersectionality
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True or false: power and status are both individual processes.
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False, power and status are both GROUP processes
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