Social Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Ambivalent Sexism

Back 1

(A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.)

Front 2

Contact Hypothesis

Back 2

Allport

(The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.)

Front 3

Discrimination

Back 3

(Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.)

Front 4

Illusory Correlation

Back 4

(An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.)

Front 5

Implicit Racism

Back 5

(Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.)

Front 6

Ingroup favoritism

Back 6

(The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.)

Front 7

Ingroups

Back 7

(Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.)

Front 8

Jigsaw Classroom

Back 8

(A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.)

Front 9

Modern Racism

Back 9

(A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.)

Front 10

Outgroup Homogeniety Effect

Back 10

(The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.)

Front 11

Outgroups

Back 11

(Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.)

Front 12

Prejudice

Back 12

(Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.)

Front 13

Racism

Back 13

(Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.)

Front 14

Realistic Conflict Theory

Back 14

(The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.)

Front 15

relative deprivation

Back 15

(Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.)

Front 16

Sexism

Back 16

(Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.)

Front 17

Social Categorization

Back 17

(The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.)

Front 18

Social Dominance Orientation

Back 18

(A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.)

Front 19

Social Identity Theory

Back 19

(The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.)

Front 20

Social Role Theory

Back 20

(The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.)

Front 21

Stereotype

Back 21

(A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.)

Front 22

Stereotype Content Model

Back 22

(A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.)

Front 23

Stereotype Threat

Back 23

(The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.)

Front 24

Stigmatized

Back 24

(Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.)

Front 25

Subliminal Presentation

Back 25

(A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.)

Front 26

Superordinate Goal

Back 26

(A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.)

Front 27

System Justification Theory

Back 27

(A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.)

Front 28

Attitude

Back 28

(A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea.)

Front 29

Attitude Scale

Back 29

(A multiple-item questionnaire designed to measure a person’s attitude toward some object.)

Front 30

Bogus Pipeline

Back 30

(A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions.)

Front 31

Central Route to Persuasion

Back 31

(The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments.)

Front 32

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 32

(The theory holding that inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce.)

Front 33

Elaboration

Back 33

(The process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication.)

Front 34

Evaluative Conditioning

Back 34

(The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing.)

Front 35

facial electromyograph (EMG)

Back 35

(An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes.)

Front 36

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Back 36

(A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts—such as black or white with good or bad.)

Front 37

Implicit Attitude

Back 37

(An attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having.)

Front 38

Inoculation Hypothesis

Back 38

(The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument.)

Front 39

Insufficient Deterrence

Back 39

(A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened.)

Front 40

Insufficient Justification

Back 40

(A condition in which people freely perform an attitude discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward.)

Front 41

Need For Cognition (NC)

Back 41

(A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities.)

Front 42

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Back 42

(The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues.)

Front 43

Persuasion

Back 43

(The process by which attitudes are changed.)

Front 44

Psychological Reactance

Back 44

(The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive.)

Front 45

Sleeper Effect

Back 45

(A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source.)

Front 46

Theory of Planned Behavior

Back 46

(The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person’s actions.)

Front 47

Collectivism

Back 47

(A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony take priority over personal goals.)

Front 48

Compliance

Back 48

(Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests.)

Front 49

Conformity

Back 49

(The tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms.)

Front 50

Door-In-The-Face Technique

Back 50

(A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected.)

Front 51

Foot-in-the-door Technique

Back 51

(A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request.)

Front 52

Idiosyncrasy Credits

Back 52

(Interpersonal “credits” that a person earns by following group norms.)

Front 53

Individualism

Back 53

(A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances.)

Front 54

Informational influence

Back 54

(Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments.)

Front 55

lowballing

Back 55

(A two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs.)

Front 56

Minority Influence

Back 56

(The process by which dissenters produce change within a group.)

Front 57

Normative Influence

Back 57

(Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant.)

Front 58

Obedience

Back 58

(Behavior change produced by the commands of authority.)

Front 59

Private Conformity

Back 59

(The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others.)

Front 60

Public Conformity

Back 60

(A superficial change in overt behavior without a corresponding change of opinion that is produced by real or imagined group pressure.)

Front 61

Social Impact Theory

Back 61

(The theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons.)

Front 62

That's not all technique

Back 62

(A two-step compliance technique in which the influencer begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus.)

Front 63

Biased Sampling

Back 63

(The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members).)

Front 64

Brainstorming

Back 64

(A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others’ contributions.)

Front 65

Collective Effort Model

Back 65

(The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.)

Front 66

Deindividuation

Back 66

(The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior.)

Front 67

Distraction-Conflict Theory

Back 67

(A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.)

Front 68

Escalation Effect

Back 68

(The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.)

Front 69

Evaluation Apprehension Theory

Back 69

(A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.)

Front 70

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)

Back 70

(A strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties.)

Front 71

Group

Back 71

(A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity.)

Front 72

Group Cohesiveness

Back 72

(The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals.)

Front 73

Group Polarization

Back 73

(The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion.)

Front 74

Group Support Systems

Back 74

(Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision making processes.)

Front 75

Groupthink

Back 75

(A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence.)

Front 76

Integrative Agreement

Back 76

(A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources.)

Front 77

Mere Presence Theory

Back 77

(The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects.)

Front 78

Prisoner's Dilemma

Back 78

(A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one’s self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.)

Front 79

Process Gain

Back 79

(The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group.)

Front 80

Process Loss

Back 80

(The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation.)

Front 81

Resource Dilemmas

Back 81

(Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource.)

Front 82

Social Dilemma

Back 82

(A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone.)

Front 83

Social Facilitation

Back 83

(A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.)

Front 84

social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)

Back 84

(A model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.)

Front 85

Social Loafing

Back 85

(A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.)

Front 86

Transactive Memory

Back 86

(A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone.)