Social Psych Chapter 9

Front 1

Collective

Back 1

People engaged in common activities but having minimal direct interaction.

Front 2

Social Facilitation

Back 2

A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.

Front 3

Mere Presence Theory

Back 3

The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects.

Front 4

Evaluation Apprehension Theory

Back 4

A theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.

Front 5

Distraction-Conflict Theory

Back 5

A theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.

Front 6

Social Loafing

Back 6

A group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled.

Front 7

Collective Effort Model

Back 7

The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.

Front 8

Deindividuation

Back 8

The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior.

Front 9

Group Polarization

Back 9

The exaggeration through group discussion of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members.

Front 10

Groupthink

Back 10

A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence.

Front 11

Process Loss

Back 11

The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation.

Front 12

Brainstorming

Back 12

A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others' contributions.

Front 13

Escalation Effect

Back 13

The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.

Front 14

Transactive Memory

Back 14

A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together mroe efficiently than they could alone.

Front 15

Social Dilemma

Back 15

A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone creates the worst outcome for everyone.

Front 16

Prisoner's Dilemma

Back 16

A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party; typically designed in such a way that competitive moves are more beneficial to either side, but if both sides make competitive moves, they are both worse off than if they both cooperated.

Front 17

Resource Dilemmas

Back 17

Social dilemmas concerning how two or more people share a limited resource.

Front 18

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT)

Back 18

A strategy for unilateral, persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties.

Front 19

Integrative Agreement

Back 19

A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources.