Social Psych Ch. 2

Front 1

the self is shaped by culture: individualism v. collectivism

Back 1

- individualism: independent self- emphasis on autonomy, stable self-concept
- collectivism: interdependent self, emphasis on belonging, malleable self-concept (fit yourself to the group)

Front 2

self-awareness and reflective thinking. born with it?

Back 2

- a psychological state in which you take yourself as an object of awareness
- NOT born with it- develops at about 18 months of age
- coincides with rapid development of spindle neurons

Front 3

private self-awareness. definition, examples, induced by?, more likely to?

Back 3

- being aware of private aspects of the self
- ex) personal attitudes, beliefs, current mood
- induced by solitude, self-focus, self-reflection
- when privately self-aware, more likely to act in line with our PERSONAL BELIEFS than to CONFORM to social pressures

Front 4

public self-awareness. definition, examples, induced by?, more likely to?

Back 4

- state of being aware of public self-aspects
- ex) physical appearance, the way we talk and behave in public
- induced by being watched by others, having your picture taken, looking in the mirror
- greater public self-awareness can lead to greater adherence to social standards of behavior

Front 5

self-consciousness

Back 5

- tendency toward self-awareness
- private and public self-consciousness

Front 6

private self-consciousness. public self-consciousness

Back 6

- private- tendency to be aware of private aspects of the self
- public- tendency to be aware of publicly displayed aspects of the self
- an individual can be high/low in either or both
-

Front 7

private self-consciousness effect. degree to which you:

Back 7

- are interested in understanding "what makes you tick"
- follow your own personal standards in daily decisions
- ??

Front 8

public self-consciousness effect. degree to which you:

Back 8

- pay a lot of attention to how you look
- feel pressure to conform to thers' opinions and expectations
- feel anxious when in the public spot light
- ??

Front 9

self-concept

Back 9

- the BELIEFS by which i DEFINE my "ME" (myself as an object)
-- includes evaluations of the Self

Front 10

self-esteem

Back 10

- a person's overall evaluation of the worth or VALUE of their SELF-CONCEPT

Front 11

schema

Back 11

- a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about some stimulus
-- built from experience
-- selectively and automatically guides the processing ofnew information
-- directs attention to relevant information
-- provides a framework for understanding

Front 12

self-schema

Back 12

- a cognitive structure that represents how you think about yourself in a particular domain
-- organizes your experiences in that domain
-- activated by social context
-- conflicting schemas are not activated simultaneously
ex) a person could be very social in a social setting, but quiet in a classroom setting

Front 13

self concept is shaped by? SF= SI, SC, S/F, OJ

Back 13

social forces
- social identity- social definition of who i am (and am not)
- social comparisons- evaluations of self by comparison with others
- successes and failures
- other people's judgements- evaluate ourselves accordingly

Front 14

perceived control: Locus of control- Julian Rotter, external and internal

Back 14

- external: events are governed by external forces
- internal: events are governed by my own efforts and skills

Front 15

locus of control scale- consistent internal locus of control? situation specific?

Back 15

- 33% have an INTERNAL locus of control
- 15% have an EXTERNAL locus of control
- MOST score in a middle range, suggesting locus of control may be SITUATION SPECIFIC

Front 16

internal locus of control. reaction to: rewards and punishments, successes and failures, goal-oriented behavior, obstacles, perceive themselves as?

Back 16

- believe rewards and punishments are produced by their OWN ACTIONS
- take credit for their success and accept responsibility for failure
have great incentive to engage in goal-oriented behavior if they value the potential rewards
- when faced with obstacles, likely to take an active, problem-solving approach
- perceive themselves as active, powerful, independent and effective

Front 17

external locus of control. reaction to: rewards and punishments, successes and failures, goal-oriented behavior, obstacles, perceive themselves as?

Back 17

- believe that the rewards and punishments they receive occur independently of whatever they do and thus have a SENSE OF HELPLESSNESS
- believe their successes and failures in life are due to luck, chance, fate, social forces, or powerful others
- neither take credit for the successes nor accept blame for their failures
- feel that goal oriented behavior is hopeless/ineffective even if they value the potential reward
- perceive themselves as relatively powerless, dependent, and ineffective
- even when life is good to them, approach tasks in a passive, helpless, fatalistic manner

Front 18

self-efficacy. Albert Bandura

Back 18

- perceived ability to carry out a desired action
-- beliefs about ability to produce effects on the environment
-- ability to accomplish specific tasks or meet specific challenges
- it is not enough to know what needs to be done, one must be confident in their ability to control challenging environmental demands by taking adaptive action
-

Front 19

factors affecting self-efficacy: E, M

Back 19

- experience- most important factor- success raises SE, failure lowers it
- modeling (vicarious experience)- perceiving a models success increases, perceiving failure decreases, most powerful when model if perceived as similar

Front 20

factors affecting self-efficacy: SP, P

Back 20

- social persuasions (weaker factor)- encouragement and discouragement
-- its easier to decrease SE than increase it
- physiological factors (weakest factor)- perception of bodily signs of stress decreases SE in those with already low SE, those with high SE interpret these signs as unrelated to ability

Front 21

high self-efficacy

Back 21

- less anxious and depressed
- greater academic success
- better health
- increased productivity at work
- more persistent at tasks

Front 22

effects of self-efficacy

Back 22

- task engagement- people generally avoid tasks where their self-efficacy is low, but engage in tasks where their self-efficacy is high
- accuracy of self-efficacy
-- SE significantly higher than actual ability can lead to
overestimation of ability to complete tasks
-- SE significantly lower than actual ability reduces growth and expansion of skills
- attributions of failure
-- high self-efficacy= attribute failure to insufficient effort> try harder
-- low self-efficacy= attribute failures to low ability> lowers self-efficacy more
(so level of self-efficacy tends to be self-perpetuating)

Front 23

self-efficacy and locus of control

Back 23

-internal locus of control= either negative or positive expectancies- "i will succeed/fail because i do/dont have what it takes to succeed"
- external locus of control= less relevant efficacy expectancies- what i do doesn't matter, so my efficacy is irrelevant (unless the efficacy of others influences me ex) good doctor>get well)

Front 24

learned helplessness

Back 24

- tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control
-- external locus of control- despite efforts, cant control environment
- explanatory style: permanent, personal, and pervasive

Front 25

self-esteem

Back 25

- evaluation of self-concept; overall evaluation of self-worth
* widely viewed as a core need for happiness/ life satisfaction
* more recently it is suggested that too high of self-esteem can be harmful