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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A person, in anticipation of failure, develops explanations and behavioral reactions to minimize ability deficits as possible attributions for the failure. This process is referred to as:
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Self-handicapping
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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refers to a prediction made about some future behavior or event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected.
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Self-perception theory
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is the idea that people observe themselves in order to figure out the reasons they act as they do; people infer what their internal states are by perceiving how they are acting in a given situation.
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Self-serving bias
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refers to a class of attributional biases in which people tend to take credit for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures.
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Social Judgment Theory
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person categorizes new information or positions into one of three zones or latitudes:
latitude of acceptance latitude of non-commitment latitude of rejection |
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Social Judgment Theory
latitude of acceptance |
The latitude of acceptance contains all the positions on a particular topic that a person finds acceptable
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Social Judgment Theory
latitude of non-commitment |
contains the positions that are neutral for the person.
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Social Judgment Theory
latitude of rejection |
contains all the positions on an issue that a person rejects
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Social Judgment Theory
latitude of acceptance - Anchor |
single position that a person finds the most acceptable
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Glick and Fiske’s (1996, 2001) Ambivalent Sexism Theory (AST) describes two complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies called
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hostile sexism
benevolent sexism |
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Both hostile and benevolent sexism predict
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gender inequality
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Both hostile and benevolent attitudes about each gender encompass three domains of female-male relations instantiating power differences and interdependence:
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patriarchy
gender differentiation heterosexuality |
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Hostile sexism is defined as an
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adversarial view of gender relations in which women are viewed negatively, as being competitive and seeking to control men
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Benevolent sexism is
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subjectively positive, rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo and characterizing them as morally pure, to be protected, and adored
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Solomon, Pyszczynski, and Greenberg’s terror management theory proposes anxiety or “terror” results from the conscious awareness that human beings have of the inevitability of their death and is best dealt with by:
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self-esteem and a cultural worldview
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A person with high self-esteem is likely to make what type of attributions for his or her achievements?
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internal and specific
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Experimenters find conformity is lowest when the:
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subject has a "partner" in the group who shares his or her opinion
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A "script" in social psychology is:
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a representation of a stereotyped sequence of actions
a schema |
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To enhance a work team's creative problem-solving using brainstorming, you would recommend that:
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team members work individually to come up with creative solutions and then present their ideas to each other and the leader
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A lab subject heard a woman in the next lab fall and cry for help. In this "lady in distress" experiment, a person was least likely to help when tested with:
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a passive confederate
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A lab subject heard a woman in the next lab fall and cry for help. In this "lady in distress" experiment, a person was most likely to help when:
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alone in the lab
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Positive and negative life events are likely to have which of the following types of effect on a person's sense of satisfaction and well-being?
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short-term but not long-term effects
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A peripheral message is more likely to alter a person's attitude if the receiver:
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feels happy
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According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model,
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persuasive messages can be communicated via a central route or a peripheral route
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The central route is used when
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think carefully about the contents of the message.
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Accordiong to ELM, when listeners do not think carefully about an argument's content,
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they rely more on superficial (peripheral) cues.
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Peripheral cues include the messengers'
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perceived attractiveness or expertise, and the receivers' mood.
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According to the ELM, a positive mood, and in some cases fear, has been shown to
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increase the likelihood of attitude change.
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A man who is very shy goes out with a friend. Suddenly, a crowd breaks out into a riot and the man becomes very aggressive. This is an example of
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deindividuation
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Deindividuation, which occurs under conditions of anonymity, refers to
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the loss of a person's identity and a loosening of normal restraints against deviant behavior.
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Social power refers to
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the means by which a person is influenced by another (i.e., expert, legitimate, reward, coercive, or referent power).
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Social comparison refers to
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the process by which we evaluate our opinions and abilities by comparing them to those of others.
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Additive tasks permit the
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addition of individual efforts so that the outcome is a combination of individual contributions.
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On conjunctive tasks
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everyone must achieve a given goal in order for the task to be complete. As a result, task performance depends on the performance of the least competent group member.
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On disjunctive tasks,
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the group must choose one of many alternative ways to do the task. Thus, performance on a task depends on the performance of the most competent group member, because if one person can complete the task, the task gets completed.
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On compensatory tasks,
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the average performance of all group members represents the group's product
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Relational aggression is
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described as any behavior that is intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating relationships with others
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The two types of relational aggression are
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proactive and reactive
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Proactive relational aggression is
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when behaviors are a means for achieving a goal, such as excluding someone from a group in order to maintain one’s own social status.
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Reactive relational aggression is behavior that is
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in response to provocation, with the intent to retaliate.
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The theory that we engage in prosocial behavior to relieve our own state of emotional distress at another's plight is referred to as:
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negative state relief theory
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Research by Weiner and others has suggested that people who have high expectations for future performance (such as high achievers) tend to attribute their failure to ...
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lack of effort
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Effort is an ...
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internal, unstable, and controllable factor.
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Definition of Social Psych
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the scientific study of how an individual's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are influenced by social stimuli
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Field Theory
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Lewin
B= F (Person * Enviornment) |
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approach - approach
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two positive goal objects
initial ambivalence, reduced when person moves toward on of the goals |
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avoidance - avoidance
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person must choose between two negatively valenced alternatives
Resolved by leaving field or vacillation, reaching an equilbrium at equal distance from each goal |
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approach - avoidance
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both drawn and repelled by same situation
Causes vacillation unitl person reaches stable equilibrium As person gets closer to goal approach gradient is not as steep as avoidant gradient |
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Zeignarik Effect
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experimental application of field theroy
unfinished things / difficult things remembered better |
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Overjustification Hypothesis
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when individuals are externally rewarded for a task they previously found inherently enjoyable, their interest in the task will decrease
predicted by self-perception theory |
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Self-perception theory
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in absence of clear internal cues, individuals make attributions about their own attitudes and behaviors by observing their own behavior or other external cues
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Social comparison Theroy
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People are uncertain about their abilities or opinions (objective info not available) evaluate selves by comparison to others
Downward comparisons likely when individual feels threatened, or low self esteem |
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Self-verification theory
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people seek confirmation fo their self-concept regardless of whether it is positive or negative
Prefer to be right, rather than happy Depressed seek negative feedback |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Explaining causes of others behavior by focusing on personality characteristics rather than situational determinants
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Actor-Observer effect
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Others - personality (internal)
Own - situational (external) |
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Self-serving bias
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Success - internal
Failure - external |
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Weiner's Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion
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3 dimensional taxonomy:
1. Internal - External 2. Stable - Unstable 3. Controllable - Uncontrollable |
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Rotter
Locus of Control |
Internal LOC - view selves as cause, achievement oriented
External LOC - view external factors as cause, less self-confident, more self-conscious, less achievement oriented |
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Locus of Responsibility
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Dimension of Attributional theory: measure of degree of responsibility, or blame, one places on the individual or system
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Locus of Responsibility
4 world views |
IC/IR = success/failure determinded by individual
IC/ER = Ability to shape life, external barriers exist EC/IR = Marginalized, no control, blame self EC/ER = little control, blame system |
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False Consensus bias
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tendency to overestimate that degree to which others conform to us in terms their opinions, attributes, behavior
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Confirmation Bias
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tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies our existing beliefs
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Trait Negativity Bias
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people weigh negative information more heavily than positive information
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Sterotype
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Cognitive belief that associates groups people with certain trait(s)
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Prejudice
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Negative feelings about persons based solely on their group membership
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Discrimination
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Behavior directed against persons due to group identification
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Allport on prejudice
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Due to internalizatin, anti-discrimation laws will not have immediate impact
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Social Identity Theory
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Tajfel's theroy that social identity is enhanced by believing our own group is attractive and by belittling members of other groups
Implies that prejudice and discrimination are outgrowth of drive to enhance our own self-esteem |
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Contact Hypothesis
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Under certain conditions direct contact between members of hostile groups will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
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Contract Hypothesis
Conditions |
1. Two equal status groups
2. Personal contact 3. Mutual cooperative activity 4. Social norms must favor/encourage group cooperation |
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Variables related to Interpersonal Attractiveness
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1. Physical proximity
2. Similarity 3. Complementarity 4. Physical Attractiveness 5. Self Disclosure (moderate/gradual 6. Reciprocity 7. Cost and Benefits |
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Bystander Apathy
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Inhibition of helping behavior increased when:
1. Diffusion of responsibility 2. Social Influence (cues) 3. Evaluation Apprehension (embarrased) 4. Do not want to be seen as causing situation - responsible |
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Facotrs affecting Conformity
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1. Group size - 3/4 optimal
2. Unanimity - 1 dissenter decreases conformity 3. Ambiguity - increases conformity 4. Cohession 5. Personality - low self-esteem, low intelligence, more likely to conform |
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Minority Influence
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Most powerful if:
1. Minority position consistent 2. Minority not perceived as rigid 3. Minority must not waver 4. Not arguing based on one's own interest |
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French and Raven bases of social power
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Coercive
Reward Expert Legitimate Referent Informational |
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Social Facilitation
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Presence of others:
enhance performance on simple task Impairs performance on complex task |
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Group Polarization more likely if..
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1. number of persuasive arguments increased
2. Positions known before discussin 3. Ingroup status |
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Groupthink
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Factors associated with:
1. Group cohesion 2. Similar backgrounds/group isolatin 3. Strong leader 4. Lack of systematic procedures |
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Strategies to reduce Groupthink
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1. Avoid insulation
2. Leader impartial 3. Encourage critical review |
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Group Task Classificatin
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Additive - sum of all members (noise at game)
Conjunctive - individual poorest performance (mtn climbing) Disjunctive - individual best performance (Best idea) Compensatory - avg member |
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Semantic differential scale
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attitudes toward object are measured in terms of three dimensions:
Evaluative Potentcy Activity |
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Bogus Pipleine
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used to combat socially desired responding on self-report measure
Elaborate mechanical device that does nothing |
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Attitudes are good predictor of behavior when...
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1. Specific not general
2. Well informed 3. Info comes from experience 4. Attitude is accessible to awareness |
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Attitudes lead to...
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behavioral intention rather than directly to behavior
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Cognitive Dissonance
4 steps |
1. Descrepant behavior has negative consequenes
2. Person feels responsible for action 3. Discrepancy produces physiological arousal 4. Arousal attributed to behavior |
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Heiders Balance Theory
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liking and agreeing go together
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Variables related to attitude change
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1. Communicator
2. Communication 3. Target Audience |
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Communicator
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Credibility - Competence/trustworthiness
Sleeper effect, as time passes distinciton between credible and not credibile blurs |
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Communication
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1.Amount of info (more is better unless weak)
2. Repetition - Mere exposure effect 3. One sided vs two sided 4. Moderate amount of discrepancy most effective 5. Appeals to fear should include how to avoid fear 6. Primacy and recency |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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Central route - most effective for well informed and not distracted
Peripheral route - most effective for Uninformed and distracted |
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Crowding
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High density enhacnes current feelings both positive and negative
Distraction reduces feeling of crowding Effects of crowding more negative for males |
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Personal space
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need increases until 21
low self-esteem need more Authoritarian need more |
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Applications of Social Psychology and the Law
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1. Jury size <12 = conviction
2. Child witness less acurate (do not misremember being touched) 3. Procedure, 2 instructions to jury better than 1 4. Presenation of evidence, graphic evidence lowers standard of proof needed 5. Pretrial pub leads to conviction 6. Inadmissible evidence is considered anyway 7. Eyewitness - reconstructive memory |
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Glick and Fiske’s (1996, 2001) Ambivalent Sexism Theory
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describes two complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies called hostile and benevolent sexism, both of which predict gender inequality
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