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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Group |
a collection of 3 or more people, who interact with each other and are interdependent - their needs and goals cause them to really on one another. Have assembled for a common purpose - alike in age, sex, beliefs, opinions - encourage similarity |
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3 Reasons people join groups... |
- an innate need for social interaction - groups are important to identity - groups more likely to be involved in social change |
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Social Norms |
powerful determinant of behaviour, if not followed negative consequences can occur |
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Social Roles |
Expectations about how particular people are supposed to behave - people can become lost in their specific role (Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment) |
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Group Cohesiveness |
qualities in a group that cause members to be close, and promote liking among them. The tighter/more cohesive the group, the more likely the group is to stay together. |
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Social Facilitation |
the presence of others improves performance on simple, well learned tasks - people do worse when the task is difficult - easy to do something simple when aroused, but worse on complex tasks |
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Why does the presence of others cause arousal? 3 Theories |
1. Other people cause us to become alert and vigilant 2. others make us apprehensive about how we are being evaluated 3. others distract us from task at hand |
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Social Loafing |
the tendency for people to do works on simple tasks, but better on complex tasks, when they are in the presence of others, and their individual performance cannot be evaluated |
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De-individuation |
loosening of constraints on behaviour which can lead to impulsive, deviant acts - can be caused by creating anonymity (masks, disguises), and being in groups |
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Why does de-individuation lead to impulsive acts? 3 factors. |
1. presence of others or wearing of disguise causes people to feel less accountable for actions 2. presence of others lowers self awareness, which shifts attention away from moral standards 3. the extend to which people obey group norms |
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Group Decision |
groups do better than individuals in coming to decisions that are better for the entire group than for the individual - factors can lead to groups making worse decisions |
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Process Loss |
any aspect of a group interaction that inhibits good problem solving - groups will only do well if most talented member convinces group they are right -failure to share unique information |
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Transactive Memry |
the combined memory of two people is more efficient than individual memory |
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Group Think |
a kind of thinking where maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner |
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Circumstances under which group think can occur... |
highly cohesive group, isolated from contrary opinions, ruled by directive leader |
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Group Polarization |
groups make riskier or safer decisions than individuals, depending on the groups original tendency |
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Why does group polarization occur? 2 reasons. |
- members bring different arguments to the group, which other members may not have thought of, which support original opinion - people take a position similar to everyone else's, in order to be liked |
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Great Person Theory |
certain key personality traits make a good leader of the situation - there are weak relationships between leadership and personality traits - |
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Transactional Leaders |
a leadership style which inspires to focus on short term goals, and reward those who meet them |
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Transformational Leaders |
a leadership style which inspires to focus on common, long term goals |
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Contingency characteristics |
focuses on characteristics of leader, followers, and situation |
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task oriented leader |
more concerned with getting job done, than with feelings or relationships among workers |
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relationship-oriented leader |
a leader concerned with the feelings and relationships among workers |
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Social Dilemas |
a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual would have harmful effects on everyone |
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How to increase cooperation in social dilemmas |
- knowing the other person will increase cooperation - growing up in collectivist societies - being an individual, rather than a group |
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Negotiation |
a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict which offers and counter offers are made and a solution is made when both parties agree |
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integrative solution |
parties make trade offs according to their different interests |
