Social Problems 2

Front 1

Chronological age

Back 1

based on date of birth

Front 2

Functional age

Back 2

attributes used to assign people to age categories (based on mobility, strength, etc)- usually much lower

Front 3

Young old

Back 3

65-74

Front 4

middle old

Back 4

75-84

Front 5

old old

Back 5

85 plus

Front 6

Which group is the biggest?

Back 6

young old

Front 7

which group has grown the most rapidly in the last two decades?

Back 7

old old

Front 8

Butler

Back 8

created the term "ageism" to descrive how myths and misconceptions about old people create age-based discrimination

Front 9

the median age of retirement _____ for awhile, from 65 to about ___, and has slighlty been ______ as of late for males

Back 9

decreased, 60, decreased

Front 10

those with the lowest incomes did ___ experience the worst financial situations, in fact, the ____ typically say the largest decline in their income in older age

Back 10

not, wealthiest

Front 11

4 types of liesure:

Back 11

1) passive (tv, radio, etc)
2) Cognitive (reading, educational, cards, etc.)
3) Social (talking, phone, etc.)
4) physical

Front 12

does liesure activitiy increase for those over 65?

Back 12

yes, for both men and women

Front 13

what can better health care in old age be attributed to?

Back 13

better education

Front 14

what percentage of natives have less than a highschool degree?

Back 14

79%

Front 15

therefore, the trends of bettering health care for older people do __ count for natives

Back 15

not

Front 16

65 plus people account for about _/__ of all health care expenses

Back 16

1/3

Front 17

feminization of aging

Back 17

the formerly increasing proportion of older people who are female- because on average, women have a greater liklihood of being poor

Front 18

evans

Back 18

believes the effects of aging on health care costs are pretty small, as a result of compression of morbidity and falling needs among elderly

Front 19

victimization of seniors

Back 19

more common among men, although women were more likely to be vitims of family violence

Front 20

younger people are actually more likely to exploit older people on who __________________

Back 20

they themselves are dependent

Front 21

intimacy at a distance

Back 21

most seniors live in this situation. family usually provides support

Front 22

the population of homeless older people is ____

Back 22

rising

Front 23

only __/__ of those over 85 live in ____

Back 23

1/4, institutions

Front 24

OECD

Back 24

organization for economic cooperation and development. Provide much data on long term care

Front 25

Canada spends about ___ % of its GDP on long term care

Back 25

1.23

Front 26

how does this value compare to other countries?

Back 26

it is average, with slightly higher spending for home care, and slighlty lower for institutions

Front 27

The stage based approach to dying (Kubler-ross)

Back 27

1) denial
2) anger
3) Bargaining
4) depression and sense of loss
5) acceptance

- this theory is limited as it focues more on younger people receiving terminal diagnoses

Front 28

The dying trajectory

Back 28

- focus on perceived course of dying and the expected time of death
1) acute phase: Max anxiety/fear
2) Chronic phase: anxiety declines and person confronts reality
3) terminal: dying person withdraws from others

Front 29

Task based approach

Back 29

suggests daily activities can still be enjoyed during dying process.
there are 4 types of tasks:
1) physical
2) psychological
3) social
4) spiritual

Front 30

passive euthanasia

Back 30

withholding or ceasing treatment of someone not likely to recover from a disease of injury

Front 31

active euthanasia

Back 31

intervening to hasten someone's terminal illness, with, for example, lethal doses of sedatives

Front 32

in 2001, holland ______

Back 32

became the first country to legalize authenasia

Front 33

how does functionalism see aging?

Back 33

changes in social institutions have influenced how people look at the process of growing old
- disengagement theory

Front 34

disengagement theory

Back 34

suggests that old people want to be released from societal expectations of productivity and competitiveness

Front 35

interactionists?

Back 35

focus on the relationship between life satisfaction and levels of activity.
- interactionist activiet theory

Front 36

interactionist activity theory

Back 36

based on the assumption that people who are active are happier and more adjusted. older people shift gears and find subsituties for previos roles and acticityies.

- this theory implicitly suggests that older people must deny the existence of old age by maintaining a middle age lifestyle for as long as possible

Front 37

what does Katz see to be the problem with interactionst acivity theory?

Back 37

it suggests that non-active people are problem people who can be taken advantage of

Front 38

CONflict (3)

Back 38

- focus on political economy of aging
- class is a barrier to older people's access to respources
- do not see aging itself as a social problem, rather the problem is rooted in social conditions

Front 39

how do critics feel about conflict theory

Back 39

- feel it does not look at the positive effects of industrialization and globalization on older people

Front 40

Feminists say..

Back 40

women are subject to higher rates of disability and their incomes are lower

Front 41

elderly dependence ratio

Back 41

the number of workers necessary to support those over 64, or the ratio of seniors to 100 workers aged 20-64.

- seniors may bankrupt the system when baby boomers retire

Front 42

productive aging theory

Back 42

we should encourage older people to create their own roles in society and not to disengage from it

Front 43

sandwich generation

Back 43

some adult children have to care for parents, and children at the same time

Front 44

Young-Bruehl classifies what she calls primary prejudices (racism, homophobia, etc) into 3 categories:

Back 44

1) obsessive
2) hysterical
3) narcissisitc

Front 45

obsessive

Back 45

feel the objects of their prejudices are the enemy who need to be eliminated (i.e. Nazi's)

Front 46

Hysterical

Back 46

those who view the objects of their prejudices as "other" - inferior and sexually threatening (i.e. racism)

Front 47

Narcissistic

Back 47

Cannot tolerate the idea that there exist people who are not like them

Front 48

Which category does homophobia belong in?

Back 48

all three- which makes it so special

Front 49

1969

Back 49

homosexual sex is decriminalized

Front 50

1977

Back 50

Homosexual immigrants allowed in

Front 51

what case helped to make rights equal?

Back 51

vriend versus Alberta 1998

Front 52

Bill C-38

Back 52

eventually passed in 2005 to approve of same sex marriages

Front 53

Internalized dominance (Sawyer)

Back 53

all the messages, overt and otherwise, that signify to white people that they are normal and acceptable for just being themselves

Front 54

Barker

Back 54

sees coming out as an event

Front 55

Blasius

Back 55

sees coming out as a lifelong process

Front 56

is hate crime usually done within organized groups, or individually?

Back 56

individually

Front 57

Interactionist

Back 57

- view it as a learned behaviour- look at process of self-concept
- might even become master status
- believe people experience the following: confusion, seeking out similar others, attempt to integrate and accept self-concept and label

Front 58

Functionists

Back 58

- focus on relationship between social structure and sexual orientation
- many societies punish gays for ruining stability

Front 59

Feminists

Back 59

-from 80s forward, goal has been to establish sexual pluralism
- focus on politics of difference
- less focus on patriarchy in this postmodern society

Front 60

sexual pluralism

Back 60

where no one choice is presented as the norm

Front 61

Queer theory

Back 61

feels nothing is normal, everything is socially constructed and gender and sexuality are performances

Front 62

people use the queer label in 2 ways:

Back 62

1) descriptive category
2) stand-in for the term gay

Front 63

According to Malarek, after drugs and weapons, the sale of humans is __

Back 63

3rd

Front 64

which women are most trafficked?

Back 64

the "Natashas" of eastern/central europe and russia (Slavic women)

Front 65

why is this the case?

Back 65

because the fall of the soviet union in 1991 lef to the fall of the economy- leaving many women desperate

Front 66

large scale prostitution networks:

Back 66

- ones with political/economic footholds in the countries of origin and destination and were sophisticated in terms of providing fake documents, etc

Front 67

medium scale prostitution networks

Back 67

those that did not sell women but rather recruited from one country to work in their business in the destination country

Front 68

small scale prostitution networks

Back 68

operated by fulfilling order for two or more women placed by a business order

Front 69

Sangera's first tier of sex work

Back 69

large populations of refugees and victims of rape and sexual violece

- exploited by pimps and gangs

Front 70

Sangara's 2nd tier of sex work

Back 70

one tied to global tourism and business

Front 71

which tier is growing?

Back 71

the size of the first is remaining stable while the 2nd is growing

Front 72

Has prostitution for consenting adults ever been illegal in canada?

Back 72

nope

Front 73

What part IS illegal?

Back 73

- communicating
- procuring
- soliciting
- living off avails
- bawdy house
- providing direction/transport to a bawdy house
- purchasing sex from someone under 18

Front 74

How does Lowman feel about our system of quasi-criminalization?

Back 74

1) it contributes to making prostitutes feel responsible for their victimization
2) makes it part of an illicit market
3) encourages the convergence with other illegal markets (i.e. drugs)
4) alienates persons who engage in it from police protection

Front 75

Alliance for safety of prostitues:

Back 75

first organization to start keeping track of bad date sheets, etc. began in 1983

Front 76

who is on the bad date sheets?

Back 76

mainly white men in their 20s or 30s with adult females as victims.

Front 77

What is on the bad date sheets the most?

Back 77

assaults, robbery

Front 78

top tier prostitutes

Back 78

call girls/boys. earn higher wages and have more education. do not think of themselves as prostitutes. can often screen clients

Front 79

in 1995, a bylaw was created in Windsor that did not violate criminal codes but at the same time found ways to protect prostitutes... three factors were seen as important here:

Back 79

1) escrots should remain integrated in their communities and not be isolated
2) escorts should be able to determine their own working conditions
3) escorts should be given info about safety

Front 80

second tier prostituties

Back 80

hustlers, stippers, and table dancers who do sex on the side. usually work in bars or clubs

Front 81

third tier prostitutes

Back 81

house girls who work in brothels run by a madam or a pimp who collects about half their wages

Front 82

next tier

Back 82

street walkers. do tricks. 10-20%

Front 83

VERY bottom tier

Back 83

women who are addicted to drugs and engage in drugs-for-sex exchanges

Front 84

reasons why men go to prostitutes

Back 84

lonlieness, sex problems at home, desire for acts their partner wont do, desire for uncomplicated sex, and strong sex drive

Front 85

Johns only think 2 related things should be illegal:

Back 85

snuff films, and sex with those under 13

Front 86

since nearly all John's stated they would buy sex even if it was completely illegal, they said the following 4 things would be deterrents:

Back 86

1) having off-street options
2) spouses finding out
3) public exposure
4) fear of HIV/AIDS

Front 87

when sentencing does occur...

Back 87

usually the female gets a few days in jail while the male gets fined

Front 88

procuring

Back 88

indictable- 10-14 years in jail

Front 89

keeping a bawdy house

Back 89

indictable- about 2 years in jail

Front 90

transportation

Back 90

not indictable - can result in summary convinction

Front 91

functionalism

Back 91

durkheim= deviance clarifies norms

Front 92

within functionalism, Kinsey feels prostitution will always occur because it fills the following 5 needs

Back 92

1) interpersonal gratification
2) sexual outlet
3) different sex experiences
4) protects family
5) benefits economy- jobs

Front 93

Becker

Back 93

entering a deviant career is similar in many ways to entering any other occupation, with the primary difference being labeling

Front 94

Conflict

Back 94

the laws that make certain prostitution activities illegal are created by the powerful to maintain dominance

Front 95

Liberal feminists

Back 95

believe prostitution should be decriminalized

Front 96

Radical and Marxist

Back 96

suggest women become prostitutes due to structural factors like inequality and patriarchy

Front 97

marxist

Back 97

the only way to eliminate prostitution is to eliminate poverty and make incomes the same

Front 98

Transnational feminists

Back 98

view sex work as practice that emerges from the intersections of racism, patriarchy, imperialism, and capitalism

Front 99

Kempadoo

Back 99

says sex work and the trade itself is not necessarily problematic: much depends on the will of the person involved

Front 100

Objective component of drug abuse

Back 100

physical, psychological, or social evidence that harm has been done by the use of the drug

Front 101

subjective component

Back 101

people's perceptions about the conscequences of using a drug and the social action they believe should be taken to remedy the problem

Front 102

drug dependency has two essential characteristics:

Back 102

1) tolerance= occurs when larger doses of a drug are required over time
2) withdrawl

Front 103

is canadian alcohol intake decreasing>

Back 103

yes

Front 104

long term drinking patterns are divided into 4 categories:

Back 104

1) social drinkers
2) heavy drinkers
3) acute alcoholics
4) chronic alcoholics

Front 105

acute alcoholics

Back 105

trouble controlling their usage, and plan their schedule around drinking

Front 106

chronic alcoholics

Back 106

lost control over their drinking and tend to engage in compulsive behaviour like hiding bottles/sneaking drinks

Front 107

who are more likely to be heavy drinkers?

Back 107

men, single, lower education

- little difference overall found amongst income

Front 108

most common harm experienced from drinking?

Back 108

pnhysical

Front 109

Alcohol Cirrhosis

Back 109

scar tissue in the liver from drinking

Front 110

Alcoholics have a shorter life span by about __ - ___ years

Back 110

10-12

Front 111

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Back 111

Things that happen when pregnant and drinking. 3000 babies a year have this

Front 112

Levinthal

Back 112

says for every person who has a drinking problem, about 4 other people are affected on a daily basis

Front 113

co-dependency

Back 113

a reciprocal relationship between the alcoholic and one or more non-alcoholics who unwittingly aid and abet the alcoholics excessive drinking and behaviour

Front 114

Is cigarette use declining? and what about death?

Back 114

yes. it is responsible for 5 times the number of deaths from car accidents, murders, suicides, and alcohol abuse combined

Front 115

Environmental tobacco smoke

Back 115

75% of smoke ends up in the air. half a pack a day reduces life expectancy by 4 years

Front 116

Canada Tobacco Act 1997

Back 116

prohibits cig manufactuers from advertising their products and they are also prohibited from sponsoring sports and art events.

Front 117

what prescription drug is the most frequently abused?

Back 117

pain medication

Front 118

iratogenic addiction

Back 118

dependency resulting from physical-supervised treatment for a recognized medical disorder

Front 119

who does iratogenic addiction most likely affect

Back 119

people from the upper or middle classes who have no prior history of abuse

Front 120

6 hard drugs discussed were used more by: (5)

Back 120

males, younger people, western Canadians, some post-secondary, and higher incomes

Front 121

is the use of drugs increasing?

Back 121

yes, especially pot

Front 122

2001

Back 122

canada authorized the use of pot for medicinal purposes

Front 123

Cocaine is ___

Back 123

the third most used psychoactive drug after alcohol and pot

Front 124

potentiation

Back 124

the interaction that takes place when two drugs are mixed together to produce a far greater effect than the effect of either seperately

Front 125

Narcotics come in three forms:

Back 125

1) natural substances (i.e. codeine)
2) opiate derivitives (slight change in composition of morphine- heroin)
3) synthetic drugs (not chemically related to morphone but produce similar effects)

Front 126

which narcotic is the most widely abused?

Back 126

heroin

Front 127

Mescaline/Peyote

Back 127

the earlies hallucinogen used in N.A. and was consumed during Native American religious celebrations

Front 128

PGSI

Back 128

9 dimension instrument to assess several domains of gambling problems. divided into 4 categories:
0, 1-2, 3-7, and 8 +

- 3-7 is significant risk

Front 129

gamblers in Ontario

Back 129

- males, young, single, without post secondary education, higher income.

- emplyment status is unrealted to severe gambling

Front 130

Interactionists

Back 130

-learned behaviour
- people most likely to abuse if their friends are
- Becker found with pot that not only do they learn drugs, they learn what reactions to have
- labeling theory

Front 131

Functionists

Back 131

social institutions that previously kept addictions in check arent doing as well anymore, and people need formal mechanisms

- all addictions have functions and dysfunctions

Front 132

Conflict

Back 132

people in positions of power make the things abused by the poor illegal

Front 133

Feminists

Back 133

two hypothesis:
1) risk taking behaviour of men
2) sick role of women- social acceptability hypothesis

Front 134

social acceptability hypothesis

Back 134

suggests women are more likely to admit being sick and accetpt medical attention

Front 135

Canada's drug strategy has 5 goals:

Back 135

1) reduce demand
2) reduce death by drugs
3) improve accessibility to info/interventions
4) restrict supply and profit
5) reduce costs to society

Front 136

prevention programs can be divided into 3 categories:

Back 136

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary

Front 137

primary

Back 137

programs that seek to precent drug problems before they begin

Front 138

secondary

Back 138

seek to limit extent of drug abuse, prevent spread, and teach responsible use

Front 139

tertiary

Back 139

seek to limit relapses

Front 140

medical treatment model

Back 140

considers drug abuse a medical problem that must be resolved by medical treatment- aversion therapy or behavoural conditioning

Front 141

therapeutic commuinity approach

Back 141

based on the idea that drug abuse is best treated by intensive individual ad group counselling

Front 142

routine activities crime

Back 142

crime that occurs when a motivated offender finds a suitable target in the absence of suitable guardianship

Front 143

main reason people dont report crimes

Back 143

dont think its significant enough

Front 144

3 limitations of self-reports

Back 144

1) responses based on memory
2) may not be honest
3) focus on theft/assault and not workplace crimes

Front 145

criminal law divided into 2 categories:

Back 145

1) summary offenses (minor crimes punishable by a fine or less than a year in jail
2) indictable offenses (more serious crimes with more than a year in prison)

Front 146

mass murder

Back 146

the killing of 4 or more people at one time in one place. Usually kill whre they live, are male, problem drinkers, and collectors of firearms

Front 147

serial murder

Back 147

the killing of 3 or more people over more than a month by the same person: 4 types

Front 148

4 types of serial killers

Back 148

1) visionaries (voice tells them to)
2)missionaries (rid of undesirables)
3) hedonists (personal/sexual gratification)
4) power/control seekers (gratification from posession)

Front 149

three levels of sexual assault

Back 149

1) touching, grabbing, kissing
2) assault with weapon, threats with weapon, bodily harm
3) aggravated assault

Front 150

incarcerated sex offenders are..

Back 150

male, older, more likely to be native, and less well educated

Front 151

Gordon identified 6 types of gangs in Vancouver

Back 151

1) youth movements (skinheads/punks doing hate crime)
2) youth groups (malls)
3) criminal groups (small groups, short time, illegal monetary gains)
4) "wanna be" groups (loosely structured, substitute families)
5) street gangs
6) criminal org (well established, older)

Front 152

are gang activities increasing?

Back 152

yes- even outside of urban areas

Front 153

Jankowski

Back 153

be;loieves gang violence increased due to patriarchal structures.
- collective violence to acheieve goals

Front 154

Levin and McDevitt

Back 154

some gangs look for opps to violently attack outgroup members because they are seeking a thrill and view their victims as vulnerable

Front 155

most common basis of hate crimes

Back 155

ethnicity

Front 156

is property crime increasing?

Back 156

yes- and the most frequent is breaking and entering

Front 157

4 motivations for auto theft

Back 157

joyriding, transport, crime, and profit

Front 158

3 types of shoplifters

Back 158

1) snitch (no criminal record- personal use)
2) booster/heel (professional who sells to fences)
3) kleptomaniac (steals for things other than economic gain- sexual pleasure etc)

Front 159

one crime that has more than doubled in the last 10 years:

Back 159

kidnapping/forcible confinement. This may have a lot to do with human trafficking

Front 160

difference between occupational and corporate crime?

Back 160

corporate crime is committted by emplyees who are being SUPPORTED by the corporation

Front 161

insider trading

Back 161

an offender buys or sells stocks on the basis of info that isnt publy known.... obtained by an insider

Front 162

canada ranked ___th for its involvement in the black market

Back 162

5th (Mainly pot sales in BC)

Front 163

is youth crime increasing?

Back 163

it has been stable, with declines in property crime and increases in other things like violent crime

Front 164

Functionists

Back 164

Durkheim- anomie... Merton's strain theory

Front 165

unemployment/recession is linked to ____, while inflation is linked to _____

Back 165

homicides, robbery

Front 166

control theory

Back 166

looks at why people DONT engage. Pulls (environmental factors) that draw people to crime, and pushes (Internal pressures) that make us not want to conform...

Those who do not deviate have outer and inner containments

Front 167

What theory is an example of control theory

Back 167

social bond theory (Hirschi)
- criminal behaviour more likely when ties are broken
- attachment
-committment
-involvement
-belief

Front 168

subculture of violence hypothesis

Back 168

violence is part of the normative expectations governing everyday behaviour among poor males- develop when they lack legit opps

Front 169

lifestyle-routine activity approach

Back 169

patterns and timing of people's daily movements as they go about obtaining necessities in life may impact crime

Front 170

Conflict

Back 170

Turk- crime is a status acquired when people with the authority to create and enfore rules apply them to others

Front 171

radical critical conflict approach

Back 171

social insitituions create a superstructure that legitimates class structure and mainains capitalists' superiority. crime is committed based on class position

Front 172

Interactionist

Back 172

criminal behaviour learned through interactions with others

Front 173

differential association theory

Back 173

Sutherland. individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from norms hen they hangout with others who do.

Front 174

lemert

Back 174

primary deviance= initial act of rule breaking- no internalization of self-concept

secondary = accepts new identity and continues behaviour

Front 175

liberal feminists

Back 175

believe women's crime is a rational response to gender discrimination

Front 176

radical feminists

Back 176

believe patriarchy contributes to crimes

Front 177

socialist feminist

Back 177

believes women are exploited by capitalism and patriarchy and have criminal responses

Front 178

power-control theory

Back 178

hagan. unblanced and balanced families. gender differences in crime greater in unbalanced families/ Girls from egalitarian more likely to commit

Front 179

2 problems with CJ system

Back 179

1) fails to prevent, control, rehab
2) unequal justice because of discriminatiomn

Front 180

4 factors influencing an arrest

Back 180

1) nature of offence
2) quality of evidence
3) age, race, and gender
4) level of deference shown to police

Front 181

4 functions of prejudice

Back 181

1) retribution
2) social protection
3) rehab
4) deterrence

Front 182

restorative justice

Back 182

focus on repairing harm done.
- meetings with victims, families, etc