Social Policy Study Ch.12-13-14

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ch.12 History of Disability Services

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No universal support care program for people with disabilities - Provincial responsibility - Through Poor Laws, outdoor relief, and begging was available to ‘deserving poor’ which included people with disability - Poor laws provided a social and legal framework - Municipalities & Charities provided additional relief (food, clothing, shelter)

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ch.12 Institutionalization

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Persons with disability came to be seen as ‘nuisance populations’ and families experienced ‘shame’ and hid them away - Often people with disabilities treated as common criminals By mid-20century, ‘special’ residential schools developed for blind and deaf children; and psychiatric facilities

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ch.12 Post WW1

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Disability increasingly seen in medical domain - When welfare state emerged after WWII social security programs established for spectrum of people with disabilities - Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation teams established within medical framework - Modern network of services includes both medical and social services

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ch.12 Changing Approaches to Disabilities

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Dominance of medical professionals in lives of people with disability unchallenged until 1970s - Disability rights organization developed (parallel to other consumer rights movements - Rather than labels of ‘defective’ or ‘handicapped’, people with disability seen as minority group limited by functional limitation

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ch.12 Charter of Rights & Freedoms (1982)

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American Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1973) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities - Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) enshrined rights in Canada - viewing disability as a ‘personal tragedy’ to defining disability in terms of rights

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ch.12 Medical Model

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Disability as medical condition - Tragedy, unfortunate life event - Focus on limitations - Focus on treatment to ‘cure’ or ‘fix’ the problems - People experiencing disability go through stages of adjustment - In keeping with institutional approach

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ch.12 Political Right Model-

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Views disability within social and environmental context and inequalities in dominant, able-bodied society - Emphasizes need for society to change to remove barriers - Focus on full participation in society - Differences are only disabilities when society fails to accommodate them

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ch.12 Stigma of Disability-

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Often don’t meet cultural norms of beauty often resulting in implications for social relationships - Stereotyping - Common belief that people with disabilities are damaged psychologically - Related to concept of ‘wholeness’ that if one aspect damaged others are as well - Of course, this not necessarily the case

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ch.12Blaming the victim

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Sometimes person with disability is portrayed as ‘deserving’ the disability either due to religious, cultural or personal life style choices - Many people with disabilities are uncomfortable with able-bodied people as they fear negative reactions - Promoting access and contact with each other is necessary to shift stigma

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ch.12Ableism-

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Consequences of belief in the superiority of people without disabilities over those who have disabilities - Prejudice - Cultural Norms - Social stratification

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ch.12 Income Security-

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Differing eligibility, procedures, and benefit amounts across provinces - Publicly funded disability programs - CPP Disability pension; Family Benefits Plan, General Welfare Assistance - Privately funded disability programs - Private insurance; long-term disability

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ch.12Accessing Social Assistance-

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Eligibility determination by physician - Assets investigated and needs assessment conducted Amount of assistance varies according to size of family, degree of employability of family members etc

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ch.12 Employment Programs-

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Many unemployed people with disabilities who can and want to work - Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities (EI) - For those with little or no attachment to workplace - Labour Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities (2003) - Federal government provides funding to province to improve employability programs

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ch.12 Barriers in the Workplace-

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Human Rights Act ensure right to accommodation - Increasing workplace access for people with disabilities will mitigate labour market shortages - 35% of people with disabilities who are employed need no accommodation; others require: - Job modifications: personal help - Workplace modifications: environmental/ physical changes

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ch.12 Workplace Accommodations-

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People with disabilities need: - 15% require workplace modified structures (handrails, ramps, accessible elevators etc) - 26% require accessible transportation - Job design refers to modification of duties – about 30% require

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ch.13 Aging Population-

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Over next 35 years, the percentage of persons over 65 will double - By 2031 20% of population will be senior citizen - Challenge of combating poverty for elderly women, elderly people with disabilities & elderly Aboriginal people

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ch.13 Three Pillars of the System

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Basic minimum income security - Old Age Security (OAS), Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), & Spouse’s Allowance (SPA) - Social Insurance benefits - Canada/Quebec Pension Plan - Private Pensions and Savings - RRSPs

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ch.13 Health, Finance & Family

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Factors affecting composition of seniors in Canada - Improvement in health & life expectancy - Long term decline in birth rate - Establishment of the retirement age - By 2030 for each person receiving senior benefits there will be 3 people working, compared to 5 today

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ch.13 Health, Birth & Retirement

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Health care: Universal health care and technological advances have resulted in longer, healthier lives - Decline in Birth rate: 2012 fertility rate is 1.67 children per woman; combined with size of older population, disproportionate population occurs - Retirement age: Age has decreased; previously elderly relied on family but industrialization changed the nature of family

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ch.13 Sources of Seniors’ Income-

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Public: - Old Age Security (OAS); Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (C/QPP) - Private: - Investments, private pensions & RRSPs - Employment

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ch.13 Elderly Poverty Rates-

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Declined due to development of income security programs - Low-income rates for Canadian seniors among the lowest in the world - Decrease in poverty attributed to implementation of C/QPP in 1966 - Canada has guaranteed income in form of OAS - Poverty rates increasing since the 1990s particularly for women

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ch.13 Older Women and Income Security-

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Largest increase in poverty in last two decades is among elderly women. - Women form the majority of the Canadian senior population - Many factors limit women’s resources during retirement: - Work in lower-paying sectors - Many are single in old age (men are more likely to remarry) - Part-time, sporadic work history - Less access to pensions, public or private

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ch.13 Gender Differences

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97% of women & 95% of men received OAS - Fewer women (87% compared to 95%) received C/QPP - Half as many women (14% compared to 28%) received employment, private pensions or RRSPs - Women’s median income 1/3 less - Tying future income security to active labour force experience works against women

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ch.14 Globalization, Human Rights and Social Welfare

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World is vast marketplace with complex financial systems and revolutionary information technologies - Universal Declaration of Human Rights addressed rights as international priority - Social welfare is often sacrificed in favour of tax cuts and debt repayment - Economic globalization has given corporations control over working conditions and resulting social welfare

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ch.14 Globalization-

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Products and services increasing flowing between countries - Growing integration of world market for good, services, and finance. Characterized by: - Free trade and investment expansion - Concentrated power of transnational corporations - Protection and enforcement of corporate rights

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ch.14 Free Trade & Investment Expansion

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- Free trade: lowering and dismantling of barriers and regulations impeding international flow of capital and products - GATT, APEC, NAFTA - Political lobbying by big corporation - Transnationals exert considerable power and influence over media and our perceptions

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ch.14 Concentrated TNC Power

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Modern telecommunications instrumental in TNC’s ability to open new operations around world - Individual country economies increasingly interdependent - Top 200 global firms account for growing share of economic activity - Growing web of production, consumption, and finance bring economic benefits to at most 1/3 of world’s people

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ch.14 Enforcement & Rights Protection for TNCs-

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International organizations not held accountable to national governments - International organizations increasingly determining policy and budgetary decision - This limits ability of local and national government to solve social problems - Post-sovereign state: state or government no longer able to make its own decisions

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ch.14 WTO & United Nations

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World Trade Organization (WTO): - Created 1995, deals with the rules of trade between nations - Environmental policy – a trade barrier that must be eliminated or changed - International bodies responsible for regulating TNCs are - UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); and - Division on Transnational Corporations and Investment (DTCI)

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ch.14 Regulatory Vacuum-

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Earth Summit, 1992 – attempt to introduce international corporate environmental regulation Didn’t pass due to corporate lobby - TNC regulatory vacuum at UN in terms of environmental or human rights issues - Issues of global human rights not included in any of major activities of the UN

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ch.14 Globalization in Operation

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Belief that freer trade will automatically benefit all countries - Economic theory is that poorer countries can specialized in areas they have advantage - In practice, globalization tends to enrich some countries at expense of others

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ch.14 “Structural Adjustments”

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Structural adjustment commonly forced on countries seeking loans from IMF & World Bank Require borrowing country to reduce social spending and other government expenditures - Borrowing country may agreed to change agricultural production requiring either a change or reduction in crops - Farmers transformed to agricultural workers - Labourers work long days, for low wages - Environmental deregulation leads to increased use of pesticides - Western nations import cheap goods

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ch.14 Export Processing Zones (EPZ)-

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Globalization encourages business to occur under most favourable conditions for corporations - This means where costs are minimized and profits maximized - EPZ is area where preferential financial regulations and specialized investment incentives occur - Most EPZs employ high number of women with minimal education who work in very poor conditions

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ch.14 The Debt Crisis

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Continues to prevent poor countries from developing their economies - Much of the debt occurred due to colonial governments - Developing world spends $13 on debt repayment for every $1 it receives in grants - Many anti-globalization activists have called for 100% cancellation of Third- World debt

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ch.14 Canada in the World-

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Within Canada there is great disparity in wealth - At the international level, the same phenomenon exists on a larger scale - Canadians do not work harder than poor countries; however our consumer driven lifestyle depends on production of goods from poorer countries - Prices of purchased goods from poorer countries do not represent fair trade

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ch.14 Human Development Index

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Part of Human Development Report from UN Development Program - Measures more than just income - Compares countries in three basic dimensions: - long and healthy life, - knowledge, and - a decent standard of living - Canada has ranked first several times, but has slipped in recent years - 2010: Changes to the Index to include - Mean years of prior schooling for those 25 and older - Purchasing-power-adjusted per-capita GDP changed to purchasing-power- adjusted per capita Gross National Income (GNI)

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ch.14 Human Rights-

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A right is a justified claim or entitlement by someone or some institution in society - Human Rights are a common standard of achievement for human dignity, for all peoples and all nations - They are inherent rights without which we cannot fully live as human beings -

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ch.14 TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

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Universal, Inalienable, Inabrogable, Indivisible Negative rights, Positive rights, Collective rights

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ch.14 Universal:

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apply to all human beings

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ch.14 - Indivisible

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all human rights must be pursued and realized (not just some)

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ch.14 Inalienable

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human rights cannot be taken away

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ch.14 - Inabrogable

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one cannot voluntarily give up one or more rights

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ch.14 - Negative rights:

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civil and political rights that must be protected

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ch.14 - Positive rights:

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economic, social, and cultural rights that governments must ensure are realized by their citizens (Ex: universal health care, social housing, labour legislation)

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ch.14 Collective rights:

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the rights held by groups of people, the most common being the right to self-determination of a cultural or ethnic group

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ch.14 International Bill of Rights

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- Primary instrument of UN to promote, protect, and monitor human rights - 3 components - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) - fundamental expectation for freedom and dignity in a free and just society - International Convenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966) - International legal instrument to uphold the rights and provisions - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

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ch.14 Social Welfare, Globalization & Human Rights-

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Globalization is eroding social welfare policies aimed at protecting the poor and disadvantaged Labour is subjected to international market forces - TNCs resist policies on minimum wage and safety legislation - Globalization fundamentally conflicts with logic of community and democratic politics

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ch.14 Globalization and Social Welfare-

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Undermines government’s ability to pursue Keynesian policies - Increases inequality in wages and work conditions, with fewer union jobs, more part-time work - Prioritizes deficit reduction and tax cuts over social security systems - Shifts power away from labour and civil society, weakening the support for social welfare programs

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CH.14 A new approach to Social Welfare-

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Programs and policies framed as rights or entitlements not needs or problems - Social welfare seen as an investment in people - State-centric model of providing social welfare changed - International bodies required to provide global welfare and to ensure TNCs uphold human rights

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ch.14 Social Investment Approach

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Social Investment emphasizes the need for a change in a variety of institutions, policies, and practices that directly affect social inequality - Bell hooks: “if we want a beloved community, we must stand for justice, have recognition for difference without attaching difference to privilege”

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ch.14 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)-

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Many believe - The ability of governments to provide social security and protection to citizens is under attack - The gap between the rich nations and under developed nations is too wide