Social Perception

Front 1

What is Impression Formation?

The process of BLANK various sources of information about BLANK into a BLANK judgment.

Back 1

The process of integrating various sources of information about another person into an overall judgment.

Front 2

Impression management is a BLANK process - it is continually updated

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dynamic (the "working model" idea)

Front 3

A type of nonverbal communication that helps us make first impressions is

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Facial Expressions

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We use facial expressions as a source of information because

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some are inborn and universally understood

Front 5

What are our primary emotions?

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Anger

Disgust

Fear

Happiness

Surprise

Contempt

Sadness

Shame

Guilt

Front 6

The possible purpose of facial expressions are that:

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1. we're better able to predict the other's intentions

2. to understand how others are interpreting the world (survival purposes) [fact: threatening faces are more distinctive to us in a crowd)

Front 7

Body language are BLANK numbers of movements which indicate BLANK state

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large numbers, emotional state

Front 8

Diagonal, angular postures are BLANK and BLANK.

Rounded postures are BLANK and BLANK

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1. threatening and cold

2. warm and sympathetic

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Gestures provide BLANK information about BLANK.

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more specific, feelings

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Emblems are movements with BLANK meanings

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culturally specific

Front 11

Nonconscious Mimicry is the tendency to

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unintentially adopt behaviors, postures or mannerisms of interaction partners.

Front 12

Which gender is expected to be better at nonverbal communication?

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females, but this is not necessarily true

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Which gender is expected to be better at decoding nonverbal communication?

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females, but this is not necessarily true

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Women and men have no actual gender differences in emotional control- T/F

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True

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Implicit personality theories are BLANK beliefs about what traits and characteristics go together

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Naive

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Implicit personality theories are based on BLANK about corresponding traits, like intelligent+practical=ambitious

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schema

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People with implicit personality theories tend to seek BLANK, like "people are all good or all bad"

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evaluative consistency

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The tendency to seek evaluative consistency persists even if BLANK information is given

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contradictory

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The more reliance one has on implicit personality theories, the stronger the belief that personality traits and blank and blank

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fixed and static

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Central Traits are traits that exert a BLANK influence on overall impressions

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disproportionate.

Example: Guest lecturer described as "warm" or "cold" and is subsequently treated differently based on this pre-information

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Central traits lead to

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implicit personality theories

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Both Positivity Bias and Negativity Effect have to do with Blank judgments

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Personality

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Positivity bias is the tendency to view blank in a favorable light compared to blank

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people compared to groups/objects. We do this because it feels better to be surrounded by good and because people are more similar to us than groups/objects.

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Negativity effect happens with the tendency to give more weight to blank information

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negative. We do this because negative traits are more unusual and distinct. Also, people pay more attention to negative stimuli (survival value).

Also, Favorable impressions are more vulnerable to change

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Both Primacy Effect and Recency Effect are related to personality judgments based on Blank of information

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Order

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Primacy Effect happens because we have the tendency to give blank weight to the blank information received.

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more, first

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The Primacy Effect forms Blank and guides processing of Blank information

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schema, subsequent. Once schema is formed, we are more likely to ignore contradictory info.

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The Primacy Effect is more likely when we are:

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1. Under time constraint

2. Not under pressure

3. Have a high need for closure/certainty

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Primacy Effect is reversed when:

1. People are warned against making Blank

2. People are told they will be asked to Blank

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1. hasty judgments

2. justify their impressions

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The Recency Effect is the tendency for Blank information received to carry more weight on overall impressions

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last

Front 31

Attributions are the process by which people try to infer the Blank of behaviors and events

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causes

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Attributions help us BLANK others's behavior

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predict

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We use attributions because we are motivated by 2 primary needs, which are:

1. To keep our worldview BLANK

2. To BLANK our environment

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1. To keep our worldview coherent

2. To control our environment

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We form judgments based on:

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1. Locus of causality: internal, external

2. Stability: stable, unstable

3. Controllability: controllable, uncontrollable

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The Correspondent Inference Theory explains how people

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infer the cause of a single instance of behavior.

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The Correspondent Inference Theory asks:

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What characteristic can this overt action correspond to?

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Correspondence inferences follow THREE rules. The behavior MUST:

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1. Be LOW in social desirablity

2. Be freely chosen

3. Produce noncommon effects, i.e. effects that stand out from others

Front 38

The Covariation Model involves TWO principles. They are:

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1. Covariation Principle

2. Discounting Principle

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The Covariation principle states that

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for something to be attributed as a cause of a specific behavior, it has to be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior doesn't occur

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The Discounting principle states that

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Whenever there are several causes for a particular behavior, we are mor likely to say that no cause at all is attributed to the behavior

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According to The Covariation Model, external attributions can include:

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1. Entity, i.e. the person/object the behavior is directed toward

2. Circumstance, i.e. the conditions in which the behavior occurs

Front 42

To assess covariation, we need 3 kinds of information: Consensus, Consistency, and Distinctiveness. What do they mean?

Back 42

1. Consensus: Are others behaving in the same way?

2. Consistency: Does this person behave this way in response to similar situations?

3. Distinctiveness: Is this person's behavior similar in other situations?

Front 43

When Consensus, Consistency and Distinctiveness are all HIGH, we often attribute the behavior to the

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Entity (target person)

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When only distinctiveness is High, we often attribute behavior to

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Circumstance

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When Consistency is High, we often say that the behavior is

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Internal

Front 46

All three of the following are related to BLANK:

1. The Characterization-Correction Model

2. Self-Serving Bias

3. Actor-Observer Effect

4. Fundamental Attribution Error

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Biases in Attribution

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The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is the tendency to

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Overestimate the impact of dispositional (person) causes and Underestimate the impact of situational (circumstantial) causes on others' behavior

Front 48

We commit the FAE because we need BLANK and for BLANK salience

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predictability and perceptual salience

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Perceptual salience is the idea that

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the person (dynamic, distinctive) is more salient than the situation (static)

Front 50

The study by Taylor & Fiske (1975) where there were actors facing each other and observers rating causal roles illustrated the power of

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Perceptual salience and FAE- how the person is more the cause than the situation

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The Actor-Observer Effect is the tendency for us to attribute

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our own behavior to external causes and others' behavior to internal factors

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What happened when 4 unacquainted people played the roles of actor and observer (2 actors having a conversation and 2 observers watching)

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The actor placed more importance on situational factors and observers placed more importance on dispositional ones. Due to where attention was focused.

Front 53

The Actor-Observer Effect is less likely when

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1. Self-awareness is induced

2. Personality characteristics match behavior

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The Self-Serving Bias is our tendency to attribute

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our positive outcomes to internal factors and our negative outcomes to external factors

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The UPSIDE of having a self-serving bias is that it

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1. Protects and enhances self-esteem

2. Boosts self-confidence

3. Facilitates task persistence

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The CONS of having a self-serving bias:

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1. We overlook our own shortcomings

2. May cause conflict in groups where people overestimate their own contributions

Front 57

The Characterization-Correction Model is a BLANK model that says that when making attributions, we engage in TWO types of thinking:

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Dual-Process

1. Automatic, effortless

2. Deliberate, effortful

(We make a lazy judgment first, then we correct it to account for situational factors)

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The THREE stages of The Characterization-Correction Model are:

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1. Spontaneous Behavioral Categorization: What is the actor doing?

2. Spontaneous Dispositional Characterization: What dispositions does the behavior imply?

3. Deliberate Attributional Inference: What situational factors may have caused the behavior?

Front 59

If Stage 3 of the Characterization-Correction Model is not initiated, we're more likely to result in

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FAE

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We typically don't do stage 3 because we're

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1. Distracted

2. Busy

3. Unmotivated

Front 61

What are 3 areas in daily life which are impacted by attributions?

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1. Mental health

2. Evaluation of social issues/groups

3. Efforts for social change