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13 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Social Judgment
the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people (to understand causality and to predict)
Goal of social judgment
Conserve mental effort because we live in a complex, information-excessive social world, humans have limited attention capacity thus we simplify through expectations, dispositional inferences, and other cognitive shortcuts
 Attribution Theory
The theory of how people explain others' behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations:
1) Fundamental Attribution Error
2) Actor-Observer Effect
3) Self-serving bias
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) by Jones and Davis
tendency to underestimate impact of situational factors and overestimate influence of dispositional factors (Ross and Nisbett- when people read a debate speech supporting or attacking Fidel Castro, they attributed corresponding attitudes to the speechwriter, even when the debate coach assigned the writer’s position.)
• Actor-Observer effect
observer (internal attribution, observes the actor), actor (external attribution, observes the situation).
We observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves; in some experiments this has led to differing explanations for behavior.
• Self Serving Bias
the tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and to deny responsibility for failures.
 Culture & Attributions
1) Westerners are more likely than Easterners to commit FAE.
2) Members of collectivist cultures are more likely than Westerners to notice situational information and thus make situational attributions.
3) Westerners are more prone to self-serving bias and spotlight effect.
4) Defensive attributions, like the “belief in a just world” are more prevalent in societies where income gap is wide.
 The two-step process of attribution
1) Automatic internal attribution
2) External attribution from slower consideration
 Kelley’s Model of Causal Attribution (Covariation Model)-
to determine a cause, see how the behavior covaries (changes) with the situation, different actors, and different targets of behavior.

• Consensus- how do others behave toward this stimulus?
• Distinctiveness- how does this actor behave toward other relevant stimuli?
• Consistency- how does this actor behave toward this stimulus at different times or under different circumstances?
 Discounting Principle
A principle concerning the effect of rewards on the motivation
• Augmenting Principle
When making a decision, each piece of evidence we glean will add in some way towards our decision. But when does additional evidence have a disproportionate effect?
 The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:
Pygmalion study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)- Teachers told late bloomers had IQ scores indicating an imminent growth spurt. Eight months later, these randomly selected children had higher IQ increases and received better teacher evaluations than control children
 Behavioral Confirmation:
social expectations lead people to act in ways that cause others to confirm these expectations.