• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/126

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

126 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is AMCD?
ACA’s Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
Culture refers to?
Customs, values, and attitudes and beliefs of a group.
What is cultural conflict?
An individual experiences competing thoughts between different cultures.
What is cultural relativity?
Good and bad behavior must be judged within the unique standards of a given culture.
What are examples of non-material culture?
Customs, humor, ideas etc.
What are examples of material culture?
Buildings, literature, art etc.
What is macroculture?
Macroculture represents the dominant cultural group within a society.
What is the Culture Epoch Theory?
Like humans, cultures grow/develop into maturity.
What is national culture?
It is the characteristics of the unique culture of a given country.
What is ecological culture?
Depending on environment how a culture survives/engages in practical behaviors.
(e.g. housing, clothing, eating, etc.)
What is ideal Culture?
The desired way people should act within a culture.
What is real culture?
Describing all behaviors within a culture (both good and bad) behaviors.
What is counterculture?
When a group strongly rejects the values/views of the dominant culture.
Who is Emile Durkheim?
Considered one of the founders of modern sociology.
Did research into suicide.
Who is William McDougall?
McDougall is considered the founder of Hormic Psychology which contains Darwinian themes which postulates that humans in or out of groups are motivated by internal inherited tendencies.
McDougall wrote in 1908 Introduction to Social Psychology.
What do Freud, McDougall, and Lorenz have in common?
All three are instinct theorists.
Instinct theorists believe humans/animals are driven by instincts (e.g. aggression).
What is the social learning theory?
The social learning theory completely disagrees with the instinct theorists.
The social learning theory associated with Bandura states behaviors can be learned by observation (e.g. child who imitates adult aggression that is observed by the child).
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (PL 88-352)?
Discrimination cannot take place based on national origin, religion, race or gender.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (PL 88-352) helped to encourage multicultural counseling.
Who is Daniel Levinson?
He proposed that men experience midlife crisis between ages 40-45.
Daniel Levinson wrote Seasons of a Man’s Life.
Three factors that increase interpersonal attraction?
Close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs.
Who is Festinger?
Festinger researched that friendships and attractions were higher amoung dwellers living next door to each other than those who lived several apartments away (in the same building).
What is contextualism?
Contextualism is where behavior must be judged within the unique culture where the behavior occurred.
Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Lawrence Kohlberg?
Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development because Gilligan felt the theory did not consider that women place greater importance on care giving and personal responsibility than do men.
Who is Jensen?
Jensen attempts to prove that blacks have lower IQs due to genetic factors.
What does probable outcome mean to a counselor?
Probable outcome refers to the prognosis (chances one has to recover from an condition).
What does psychotherapeutic standpoint mean to a counselor?
Psychotherapeutic standpoint, refers to treatment recommendations.
When economic conditions worsen what has been proven to increase?
Aggression/violence.
What is Dollard and Miller’s frustration aggression theory?
When a goal is removed/blocked the person becomes frustrated then later aggressive.
What is Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory?
Individuals attempt to achieve balance in their belief systems.
Give an example of Festinger’s dissonance?
When a person rationalizes why they abused another person.
What is normative culture?
Normative culture describes / defines how individuals should conduct their behavior within a given culture.
What are Mores?
Mos/Mores are the significant degrees of correctness/wrongness in a culture.
Mores can cause harm to others and hurt society (e.g. murder)
What are Folkways?
Folkways define habits of a culture. Violating a folkways results in embarrassment (e.g.Anglo U.S. women not shaving their legs/arm pits).
Who was one of the first pioneers to concentrate on sociocultural issues?
Frank Parsons
What are holophrases?
A child’s first two word phrases (e.g. I eat)
What is the Bogardus (1920’s) social distance scale?
Measures attitudes toward given groups (e.g. Mexicans)
What is Freedman and Fraser’s foot-in-door obedience to authority phenomenon?
Research shows when you initially request a smaller favor (e.g. sign a interest form) then your chances of the person agreeing to a larger request (e.g. buying a house) is much greater.
How can a society and a culture be different?
A society can be a defined area of land with different cultures. Thus, a society can be composed of several cultures each with unique values/norms.
What is ethnocentrism?
A group views themselves as superior to other groups. A universal phenomenon that can promote a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty, and can promote stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.
What did Levine and Campbell state about ethnocentrism?
They stated that ethnocentrism is truly a universal phenomenon in which the ethnic group tries to prove they are superior.
Is ethnocentrism universal?
Yes, it is universal.
What is Modal Personality?
Derived from the statistical concept of the mode, it refers to a composite personality which is the most typical profile of a given group of people. It is the personality which is characteristic of the group in question.
What is Social Exchange Theory?
It postulates that a relationship will ensue if the rewards are greater than the costs. It assumes that rewards are things or factors we like, while costs are things we dislike. The theory assumes that a positive relationship is characterized by "profit" and reward - cost = profit.
What is the Complementarity Theory?
It states that a relationship becomes stronger as two people's personality needs mesh. Indicates that one personality can make up for what is lacking or missing in the other personality.
What is Balance Theory?
It postulates that moving from cognitive inconsistency/dissonance to consistency and a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
What is dissonance?
Inconsistent thoughts. Most counselors agree that it is a distasteful state of mind which the individual will attempt to change.
What are the best predictors of retirement adjustment?
Financial security and health.
What is Terminal Drop?
It postulates that a decrease in intellectual functioning does occur, but even according to this theory, it only occurs during the final five years of life.
What is the "cultural approach to normality"?
It suggests that the behaviors of the majority of the people defines what is considered "normal."
What does E. Fuller Torrey explain in his book?
He explains that in other cultures, it might not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help. In some cultures, therapists cannot accept a fee unless the treatment is successful.
What theories is Leon Festinger known for?
He described cognitive dissonance theory and the theory of social comparison.
Who is credited with Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
Leon Festinger
What is the principle of altruism as it relates to bystanders assisting a victim?
The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases.
What are ways to reduce dissonance?
Denial, (e.g. smoking does not kill people) Consistent Cognitions
What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
It postulates that individuals will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. The discrepancies or inconsistencies that create tension are caused by cognitions and attitudes. Also: Consistency is considered a desirable personality trait in most cultures.
What do upper and middle class citizens in the US want a counselor to do in the therapy process?
They want a counselor who will help them work it out on their own. These citizens tend to value independence and would not want to be dependent on a therapist, their parents, etc.
What do members of a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures expect from a counselor?
They would expect to receive advice, to be assigned homework and teaching, and would not accept counselor passivity. In other words, an active-directive model.
What is Rogerian Person-Centered Therapy?
Founded by Rogers in the 1970s. It is considered nonjudgmental and thus is considered a superb modality for multicultural/multiracial usage (unless that culture expects structure and/or authority from a helper). This method is often used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.
What is "therapeutic surrender"?
It is when the client psychologically surrenders themselves to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts. It occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses. It is a term used frequently in intercultural counseling. Language barriers, on the part of the client or the counselor, intensify its difficulty.
Which gender is more likely to have difficulty expressing feelings?
Males.
What is Assimilation-Contrast Theory?
It postulates that a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimilar (i.e., contrast error). In any case, if a counselor is highly regarded and trustworthy, his or her statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility.
What is an assimilation error?
When a client perceives a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own as even more similar.
What is a contrast error?
When a client perceives a counselor's statement that is dissimilar to his or her own as even more dissimilar.
What is structuring in the context of multicultural counseling?
It indicates that the counselor will explain the role of the helper as well as the role of the helpee. This helps ward off embarrassment and further enhances the effectiveness of the counseling process. The greater the social/cultural gap, the more important the need for this.
What are the three major barriers to intercultural counseling?
Culture-bound values, class-bound values, and language differences.
Who are Atkinson, Morten, and Sue?
Identified major boundaries for intercultural counseling.
Who identified major boundaries for intercultural counseling?
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue.
What is connotative error?
Often referred to as "semantic differential." It applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different than the true or dictionary definition. (e.g. a client states her plan is bad... the counselor thinks the plan is negative... the client meant she has a good plan).
What is semantic differential?
Often referred to as "connotative error." It applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different than the true or dictionary definition.
Who is Viktor Frankl?
The Father of Logotherapy. Experienced a concentration camp in Nazi Germany during World War II.
What is Logotherapy?
An existential form of treatment which stresses "healing through meaning."
Who founded Logotherapy?
Logotherapy? Viktor Frankl
Who is Fritz Perls?
Father of Gestalt Therapy.
What is Gestalt Therapy?
It attempts to ameliorate/(to make better) a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress. It is a German word which roughly means the "whole" form, figure, or configuration.
What is important about Brown vs. the Board of Education?
It is the 1954 Supreme Court decision which outlawed public school segregation. Desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors.
What Supreme Court decision outlawed desegregation in public schools?
Brown vs. the Board of Education (1954)
What is eclecticism?
A position that involves selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models.
Who is J. G. Draguns?
He suggested that the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling.
What is the emic viewpoint?
It emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. It is an anthropological term based on the word "emigration."
What is the etic viewpoint?
It adheres to the theory that humans are humans -- regardless of background and culture - thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps. E.g. treat Native Americans the same as African Americans.
Who suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling?
J. G. Draguns.
What is the "autoplastic" view?
It asserts that change comes from within. Clients are encouraged to change the way they think.
What is the "alloplastic" view?
The conceptualization that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment. E.g, move to a different home.
What is personalism with regard to multicultural counseling?
The ability to relate to clients by having comparable life experiences in similar environments. (e.g. both client and counselor has experience with the inner city.) It implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased patient. All people must adjust to the environmental and geological demands. Fierce environmental conditions, such as living in a desert or a poverty-stricken neighborhood, cause individuals to cooperate with each other more and stick together as a group. This, nevertheless, can cause problems for the counselor who has never lived in a ghetto or a desert and hence is seen as an outsider. The "person," who has lived in the ghetto or desert, will want to check out the counselor's authenticity as a "person," and a counselor who keeps his or her "professional distance" runs the risk of being seen as superficial.
What is the best modality for a multicultural counselor?
A flexible, eclectic model
What is pluralism?
It literally means that an individual exists in more than one category. (e.g. An Asian American is frustrated with trying to become more American). Cultural pluralism occurs when persons of a cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters. In counseling, per se, the term suggests that certain categories of individuals (e.g., women, handicapped, older adults, etc.) often need special services.
What is social facilitation?
It postulates that an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will perform better if he or she is part of a group. Developed by F. H. Allport. The presence of other persons (e.g., coworkers, athletes, etc.) improves an individual's performance even when there is no verbal interaction.
Who is F. H. Allport?
He created the concept of social facilitation.
What is the sleeper effect?
It asserts that when you are attempting to change someone's opinion the change my not occur immediately after the verbal exchange. After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
Who is William McDougal?
He wrote Introduction to Social Psychology, which expounded on his "hormic psychology" position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.
Who is Ross?
He authored work entitled Social Psychology.
Who is Jacob Moreno?
He pioneered psychodrama and coined the term "group therapy."
Who coined the term "group therapy"?
Jacob Moreno.
Who pioneered psychodrama?
Jacob Moreno.
Who is Irvin Yalom?
An existentialist who is well-known for his strides in group work.
Who is Stanley Milgram?
He is associated with obedience and authority. In one of the most shocking and frightening investigations of all time, he discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command. The principle is often used to explain "obedience to authority" in social situations such as the Salem witch hunts or Nazi war crimes.
What is dysthemia?
Also called "neurotic depression" or "depressive neurosis" is a longstanding depressed mood which exists for at least a year and a half in children and adolescents or two years in adults.
What is affiliation?
The need one has to associate with others.
Who is Stanley Schachter?
He concluded that the need to affiliate decreases for later-born children and is highest in firstborns and only children. He set up an experiment in which subjects were informed that they were going to receive a very painful electrical shock (high anxiety) or a very weak one which would merely tingle. The subjects were told that they could wait alone for ten minutes before receiving the shock or wait with others participating in the study. Of those subjects who were told they would receive a mere "tingle" only one-third chose to wait with others, while 62% of the high-anxiety group decided to do so.
Who is Kurt Lewin?
He theorized three basic categories of conflict which result in frustration: approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance.
What is the approach-approach format of conflict?
The individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously. It is considered the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases, the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other. They typically instill less anxiety than the two other types of conflict. (e.g. win 10 million in cash or 10 million in gold).
What is the avoidance-avoidance format of conflict?
The individual is presented with two negative alternatives. Clients in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client may also vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice. (e.g. forced to work 20 more hours per week to pay your bills or sell your house).
What is the approach-avoidance format of conflict?
The conflict presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time (e.g., a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent). Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates that highest level of frustration.
Who postulated the Congruity Theory?
Osgood and Tannenbaum.
Who are Osgood and Tannenbaum?
They postulated the Congruity Theory.
What is the Congruity Theory?
A client will accept suggestions more readily if the client likes the counselor. Similar to balance theory. The theory predicts attitudes that change the most are initially the less extreme, if you believe in something strongly, your attitude is less likely to change than if you have moderate feelings about it, and the closer your attitude is to neutral, the more it will change.
What classic experiment was conducted by Sherif et al.?
They conducted the "Robber's Cave experiment" at a boys' summer camp near Robber's Cave, Oklahoma. This study set up two distinct groups which were hostile toward each other. The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.
Who conducted the Robber's Cave experiment?
Sherif, et al.
What was the important finding from the Robber's Cave experiment?
It determined that a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.
What is a prejudice?
It means that we are negative or have a rigid inflexible attitude toward a given group of people and can often act on our unfavorable thoughts. Moreover, the prejudiced individual often "prejudges" others without substantial evidence.
Who are Schlossberg and Pietrofesa?
In their 1973 study, counselor trainees were instructed to help a female counselee choose between an engineering or a teaching career. All the counselor trainees tried to steer her clear of engineering, typically a masculine career.
Who are Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel?
In their 1970 study, they found that all the therapists who filled out a questionnaire used a different standard of mental health when rating men than they used for women.
What is a caste system?
It implies that there are fixed levels of superiority and inferiority which you are born into and thus cannot escape.
What is codependency?
It mainly refers to an individual who is emotionally involved with a chemically dependent person (perhaps even members of his or her own family) and/or is addicted to a relationship with another person or drugs.
What is racism?
It occurs when an assumption is made that some races are better than others. Hence, the race that feels superior can deny the other race rights and respect.
What is sexism?
An analogous term where one sex assumes that the other is inherently inferior.
When are people more likely to want to affiliate?
People will do so to attempt to lower fear. When people are miserable, the prefer miserable company.
What did Sarnoff and Zimbardo discover?
In a 1961 study, they discovered that males placed in extremely embarrassing situations in which they would need to act like infants were much less willing to affiliate with others going through the same thing. One interpretation would be that individuals are more comfortable sharing real fear than anxiety which could result in embarrassment or shame.
Who postulated the Theory of Social Comparison?
Leon Festinger
What is the Theory of Social Comparison?
It postulates that people have a need to compare themselves with others to assess their own abilities and options. It further asserts that we will compare ourselves to others who are basically similar to us.
Why are people often critical of psychosocial experiments?
Experimental situations are often artificial and the studies lack external validity.
What is external validity?
The ability to help understand behavior outside the experimental setting.
What experiments were done by Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif?
Their experiments predicted that the final person in a group would most likely "sell out" and agree with the rest of the group. In one study, Asch discovered that approximately 35% of persons tested in a perceptual activity gave an answer which was clearly incorrect in order to conform. People will conform to an obviously incorrect unanimous decision one third of the time.
Who conforms the most?
Individuals who are authoritarian and thus are heavily influenced by authority figures, people who are external approval seekers, and persons who feel that outside external factors control them.
What affects one's level of introspection?
Clients in higher social classes have more time to "look within themselves" (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs. (e.g. a doctor would have more time for introspection than a person working three part-time jobs).
Who were Sue and Sue?
They suggested that Asian Americans respond best to brief therapy that is directive and structured with specific problem-solving goals.