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74 Cards in this Set
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As discussed in the text, social psychologists who study altruism have found that people who are altruistic tend to ____ compared to people who are not altruistic. |
show higher levels of empathy and be more likely to endorse tolerance and equity |
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According to the text, altruism as a personality characteristic appears to ____. |
have a genetic component |
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In social psychology, the story of Kitty Genovese's murder has been closely linked with the study of ____. |
a. the bystander effect |
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Suppose that Natalie and her boyfriend just got into a huge argument, and Natalie went to the gym and punched a punching bag (imagining the whole time that the punching bag was her boyfriend), hoping to "let off some steam." How much will this approach help? |
d. It will not help to reduce her anger regardless of whether she believes in the value of venting and catharsis AND regardless of whether she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it. |
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Both pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility contribute to ____. |
a. the bystander effect |
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You are driving to school and notice that there is an injured dog lying on the side of the road presumably the victim of a hit and run. You are in a very busy part of town, however, so you decide that your help probably isn't needed (someone else will attend to the dog and call for help, if they haven't already). Social psychologists would say that ____ prevented you from helping in this case. |
b. diffusion of responsibility |
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Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group. |
a. deindividuation |
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John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____. |
a. deindividuation |
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Fritz Heider's balance theory is also known as the ____. |
a. P-O-X theory |
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Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the bell served as a(n) ____. |
c. neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus |
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Tammy is very upset because she received a poor grade on a big English assignment. It would be most accurate to say that Tammy is experiencing a(n) ____. |
a. emotion |
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Alice was attacked by a pig when she was a child, and developed a strong phobia of pigs. Whenever she sees a pig whether on a farm, in a zoo, or even in a movie she has a strong and immediate automatic reaction. This reaction is best classified as a(n) ____. |
b. affect |
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According to the false consensus effect, most people ____. |
a. overestimate the proportion of people who would respond the same way as them in a situation |
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The original conceptualization of frustration- agression theory was based on ____. |
a. Freud's theories about aggression |
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The "correspondence bias" is another term that is used to refer to the ____. |
d. fundamental attribution error |
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Meg is a really attractive woman. Because of that, people often expect her to be really smart and nice, too. Meg probably benefits because of the ____ effect of her physical attractiveness. |
d. halo |
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The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that there is often a weak relationship between people's ___. |
c. attitudes and behaviors |
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In a jigsaw classroom, how do students work? |
b. In small groups, toward a common goal |
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Failure will most likely produce learned helplessness for ____. |
a. entity theorists |
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The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be present ____. |
a. in almost all humans and non-human animals, all of the time |
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b. form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals |
Social psychologists define the need to belong as the desire to ____. |
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b. He goes out to a lot of parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps meet a girlfriend. |
Suppose that Daniel has just begun his freshman year at college. Which of his actions best exemplifies the need to belong? |
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To completely satisfy the need to belong, people must ____. |
a. have both regular social contact and ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another |
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The term ____ refers to following orders from an authority figure. |
b. obedience |
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Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority was spurred on by – and conducted in the wake of – ____. |
d. WWII and the Holocaust |
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In Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority, which of the following things was true? |
c. When participants hesitated during the study, an experimenter would repeatedly prompt them to continue. |
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In his classic research on obedience to authority, Mil-gram found that roughly ____ of participants eventually "went all the way" and administered the highest levels of shocks. |
d. 65% |
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The over-justification effect occurs when ____. |
c. people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing |
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An attempt to change a person's mind is called ____. |
c. persuasion |
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Social psychologists who study persuasion use the term "source" to refer to ____. |
a. the individual who delivers a message |
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Compared to persuasion via the peripheral route, per-suasion via the central route ____. |
c. produces stronger and more durable attitude change |
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The tendency to assume that others know more than you do in a crisis or ambiguous situation, when in reality, no one knows anything, is called ____. |
c. pluralistic ignorance |
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The text defines prosocial behavior as ____. |
b. any behavior that is good for other people or for society as a whole |
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The term "reactance" is used to refer to the tendency for people to ____. |
d. have an unpleasant emotional response when others are trying to restrict their freedom |
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The so-called Zeigarnik effect helps us to ____. |
a. remember unfinished tasks, and thus to return to complete them |
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In Fritz Heider's balance theory, the fundamental paradigm for analyzing relationships is a(n) ____. |
b. triangle |
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Altruistic helping is motivated by ____ and the end goal is to ____. |
a. empathy; reduce others' distress |
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Which of the following hypotheses looks at helping behavior as truly unselfish in nature? |
a. empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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In P-O-X theory, the "P" stands for person, the "O" for another person, and the "X" for _____. |
a. an attitude object |
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In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they aren't is known as ____. |
b. the bystander effect |
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How well is the the catharsis theory of healthy release of negative emotions? |
Essentially no support of research. |
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Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the dogs' salivation was ____. |
d. both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response |
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The term deindividuation is best defined as a loss of ____ that people sometimes feel in group situations. |
a. self-awareness and individual accountability |
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Which of the following is the best example of deindividuation? |
c. Anna is a soldier who is so mentally wrapped up in the war that she actually stops thinking about herself as an individual who is separate from her unit, and fails to ask herself whether or not she is behaving responsibly. |
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Research on the brain sizes of various animals has indicated that brain size is MOST strongly linked to a species' ____. |
a. complexity of social structures |
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In social psychology, a feeling state that is not linked to any particular event is known as a(n) ____. |
a. mood |
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Madge woke up this morning feeling grouchy and annoyed. When asked why she is feeling this way, she can't seem to come up with any particular reason. It would be most accurate to say that she is experiencing a(n) ____. |
c. mood |
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Most researchers describe affect as ____. |
c. occurring along two separate dimensions – negative and positive |
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The false consensus effect refers to the tendency for people to ____. |
a. overestimate the number of people who agree with them |
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The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____. |
a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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The fundamental attribution error is sometimes also known as the ____. |
a. correspondence bias |
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Recall the "Castro study" conducted by Jones and Harris. In this study, participants were asked to read an essay that was supposedly written by another student. The essay was always about Castro, but it was either pro-Castro or anti-Castro. Also, participants were told either (a) that the essay-writer got to choose which side to take (pro- or anti-), or (b) that the essay-writer was ASSIGNED to one side or the other. The researchers found that ____. |
c. participants made the fundamental attribution error for both types of essays |
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The assumption that physically attractive people possess other desirable characteristics is the known as the ____ effect. |
d. halo |
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The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that ____. |
d. people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors |
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Suppose that Ms. J. is a third-grade teacher. In her classroom, she requires that students study together in small, multi-ethnic workgroups, in which each group member is responsible for collecting and communicating to fellow group members a different type of information. It appears that Ms. J. is using the cooperative learning technique known as ____. |
d. the jigsaw classroom |
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The experience of learned helplessness is ____. |
a. more likely to occur for an entity theorist than an incremental theorist |
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The social psychological "need to belong" seems to be strong in humans ____. |
a. all of the time. |
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What makes people most reluctant to live alone? |
d. The need to belong |
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The need to belong drives people to ___. |
c. associate with others, commit to relationships, and stay in relationships |
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Failure to satisfy the need to belong is associated with ____. |
d. both poor mental health and poor physical health. |
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Milgram's famous studies of obedience to authority were motivated by which historical event? |
a. The Holocaust |
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As described in the text, social psychologists have tend-ed to think about obedience as ____, but obedience ____. |
a. almost always antisocial; can have prosocial or antisocial consequences |
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Many have argued that Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority was unethical. Indeed, Milgram's re-search provided much of the impetus for the implementation of ethics committees and research review boards in universities. Why? What was the chief complaint? |
d. Participants could have experienced intense, long-term emotional, or psychological trauma. |
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Before conducting his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram conducted a survey in which he asked a number of psychiatrists to predict what percentage of people would "go all the way" and administer the highest levels of shocks. The psychiatrists in his survey predicted that ____ would do so. |
a. only .01% (1 in 1000) |
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Consider the following passage from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: "There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work then they would resign." This passage illustrates the concept of ____. |
b. over justification |
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Psychologists who study persuasion use the term ____ to refer to whether a person "gets" a given message (i.e., whether a person pays attention and understands it). |
a. receptivity |
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In social psychology, the "belief that one's own project will proceed as planned, even while knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late" is known as the ____. |
a. planning fallacy |
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Josephine is at the park with her kids. Another child falls off the monkey bars and is unconscious. Josephine doesn't immediately react because she assumes the injured child's mother is nearby and knows what to do. In fact, the child's mother doesn't know any more than Josephine does. Josephine's assumption that the mother will know more than she does is an example of ____. |
a. pluralistic ignorance |
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Which of the following famous social psychological studies best illustrates the idea that humans tend to "put people first"? |
c. Solomon Asch's "line judgment" research on conformity |
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Research findings suggesting that people become less prosocial when induced to reject their belief in free will most likely indicate that ____. |
d. the belief in free will affects people's willingness to behave pro-socially |
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Research findings suggesting that people become less prosocial when induced to reject their belief in free will most likely indicate that ____. |
d. Wearing a jacket when it is cold |
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Which of the following is NOT a good example of prosocial behavior? |
d. Wearing a jacket when it is cold |
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Suppose that a researcher asked you to answer a series of incredibly personal questions about your sexual life. You might (justifiably) feel annoyed and intruded upon, and find yourself being rude to the researcher, or even purposely giving the researcher incorrect information. Your response would be an example of ____. |
d. reactance |
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Suppose that you are out on a date. Although your date is somewhat entertaining, you keep having intrusive thoughts about the paper that you need to finish writing when you get home. These thoughts are evidence of the ____. |
c. Zeigarnik effect |
