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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is polysemy?
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Words have two or more related meaning
Ex: "bright" means "shining" and "intelligent" |
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What is homophony?
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Word has two or more entirely distinct meanings
Ex: "light" means "not heavy" and "illumination" |
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What creates lexical ambiguity?
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Polysemy and homophony
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What is entailment?
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When the truth of one sentenc eguarantees the truth of another sentence
If a entails b, then not b makes a false |
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Is entailment symmetrical?
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No
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What is the difference between connotation and denotation?
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Connotation is the set of assocaitions that word evokes; denotation is the fixed set of referents determined by the nature of the word; the connotation of "winter," for example, might be "cold and unpleasant," whereas its denotation might be the season between autumn and spring
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What is the difference between extension and intension?
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An expression's extension corresponds to the set of entities that it picks out in the word, (its referents), whereas its intention corresponds to its inherent sense, the concepts that it evokes
Ex: The extension of "woman" is a set of real wrld entities (women), whereas its intension involkes notions like "female" and "human" Also, the extension of "Prime Minister of Britain" is "Tony Blair," whereas its intension is "leader of the governing party" (Extension involves specific people, whereas intension involves concepts) |
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What are prototypical exemplars?
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Examples like these that suggest the internal structure of concepts, (such as robins for birds)
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Does lexicalization always correlate with cultural factors?
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Usually, but not always; English has an unusually rich set of vocabulary items pertaining to the perception of light
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What are conflation patterns?
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Combine manner and motion into a single verb; Ex: "The bottle rolled into the cave" vs. "the bottle entered the cave, rolling"
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Do Romance langauges have conflation patterns?
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No; Spanish, however, does have verbs whose meaning bring together the cconepts of motion and path
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What type of language has words that combine motion and manner of movement?
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English
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What type of language has words that combine motion and path?
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Spanish
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What type of langauge has words that combine motion and the thing being moved?
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Atsugewi
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Concepts that are expressede as affixes or nonlexical categories are said to have been _________?
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Grammaticized
Ex: affixes: "-ed" represents the past nonlexical category: "must" represents obligation |
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What component of language does the Siouan language, Hidasta, have?
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Evidentiality
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What is the principle of compositionality?
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The meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the manner in whcih they are arranged in syntactic structure
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What is the caused motion construction?
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Consists of a structural pattern: NP V NP PP
Used to express teh meaning "X causes Y to go somewhere." |
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What are the 5 thematic roles?
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1. Agent -entity that performs an action
2. Theem - entity undergoing an action or movement 3. Source - starting point for a movement 4. Goal - end point for a mvoement 5. Location - place where an action occurs |
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What is an agent?
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Entity that performs an action
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What is a tehme?
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Entity undergoing na action or a movement
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What is a source?
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Starting point for a movement
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What is a goal?
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End point for a mvoement
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What is a location?
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Place where an action occurs
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What thematic roles are implied by the word, "purchase?"
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Agent, theme
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What thematic roles are implied by the word, "walk"
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Agent
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What thematic roles are implied by the word, "to?"
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Goal
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What thematic roles are implied by teh world "from?"
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Source
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What thematic roles are implied by the word, "from?"
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Source
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What thematic roles are implied by the word, "at?"
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Location
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What assigns a thematic role to its complement NP?
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Preposition
Ex: "from" Boston makes "Boston" a source "to" Seattle makes "Seattle" a goal |
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A verb assigns a theme role to what type of NP?
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It's complement
Ex: Marvin boiled "the water" ("the water" is a theme) |
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A verb assigns an agent role to what type of NP?
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Its subject NP
Ex: "Marvin" boiled the water ("Marvin" is an agent) |
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When the move operation changes the NP to another position, is its thematic role changed?
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No
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Give examples of pronominals.
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He, him, she, and her
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Give examples of reflexive pronouns.
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Himself and herself
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Give an example of c-command.
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For the sentence, "That boy's teacher admires himself," NP1 consists of NP2 (That boy's) and N (teacher); NP1 c-commands NP3 (himself); NP2 (That boy's) does not c-command NP3 (himself)
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What is Principle A?
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A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent that c-commands it in the same minimal IP.
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What is Principle B?
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A pronominal must not have an antecedent that c-conmands it in the same minimal IP.
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How does Principle B apply to the sentence, "That boy's teacher admires him."
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In this structure, NP1 (that boy's teacher) c-commands "him" since the first category above it, (IP), also contains "him." Principle B therefore prevenst NP1 from serving as antecednet for _him." In contrast, NP2 (that boy's), does not c-command "him" since teh first category above it (NP1) does nto contain the pronoun. Thus, nothing prevenst the interpretation in which "him" and "that boy" refer
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What are pragmatics?
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The speaker's and addressee's background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context in which a sentence is uttered, and their knowledge of how langaueg can be used toi inform, to persuade, to mislead, and so forth.
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Give an example of the way pragmatics can also play an important role in selecting the antecedent for a pronominal.
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"The judge denied the prisoner's request, because hw as cautious." vs. "The judge denied the prisoner's request, because he was dangerous."
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What are deictics?
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Words dependent on the location of hte speaker and/or hearer within a particular setting
Ex: this, here, that, there; deictic contrasts are also crucial to the understanding of verbs, such as "come" and "go" |
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What is the difference between old information and new information?
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Old/given information consists of the knoweldge that the speaker assumes is available to the addressee at the time of the utterance, eith erbecause it is common knwoeldge or because it has been previously mentioned int eh discourse. Ex: "The man is at the frotn door." New information minvolves knoweldge that is introduced into the discourse fo rhte first time. Ex: "A man is at the front door."
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How do some languages, such as Japanese, denote the topic?
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A special affix
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What is conversational implciature?
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Inferences aobu twhat is meant, but not actually said
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What is the general overarching guideline for conversational interactions called?
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Cooperative Principle
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What are 4 conversational maxims that satisfy the Cooperative Principle?
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1. Maxim of relevance
2. Maxim of quality, (make contributions that are true) 3. Maxim of quantity, (do not add more or less than is required) 4. Maxim of Manner, (avoic ambiguity and obscrutiy; be brief and orderly) |
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Give an example of a violation of the Maxim of Quanity.
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If someone asks me where Mary is and I know that Mary does not want any visitors, I might respond by saying, "I think she went downtown or something," which gives less information than is appropriate.
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If someone says "the man Mary lives with," leading another to believe that it is not her husband, what conversational maxim is being operated on?
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Maxim of Manner
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