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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is articulartory phonetics concerned with?
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Physiological mechanisms of speech production
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What is acoustic phonetics concerned with?
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Measuring and =analyzing hte physical properties of thes ound waves we produce when we speak
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What are segments?
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Individual phones like /s/, /s/, or /m/
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What are features?
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Smaller subunits that segments are made of
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What is broad transcription?
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Use the same symbol to represent two sounds that are not exactly the same phonetically
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What is the sound source?
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Larynx
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What is the pharynx?
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TUb of the throat between the larynx and the oral cavity
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What is the space between the vocal folds called?
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The glottis
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What are the 4 glottal states?
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1. Voiceless
2. Voiced 3. Whisper 4. Murmur/Breathy Voice |
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Which of the 4 glottal states does not occur in English?
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Murmur/Breathy Voice
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Give examples of the voiceless glottal state.
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Initial sounds in fish, sing, and house
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Give examples of the voiced glottal state.
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Initial sounds in zip and vow
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What are glides?
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Share properties of both vowels and consonants
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What are 3 difference between vowels and consonants?
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1. Articulartory difference - airflow is either blocked mometarily or restricted so much that noice is produced as air flows past hte constriction
2. Acoustic difference - vowels are more sonorous 3. Syullabic/Nonsyllabic Sounds - greater sonority of vowels allows them to form the basis of syllables |
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What are the two types of glides?
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1. Word-initial, as seen in yet and wet
2. Word-final, as ween in boy and now |
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What can the body and back of the tongue be jointly referred to as?
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The dorsum
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What are 8 places of articulation?
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1. Labial
2. Dental/Interdental 3. Alveolar 4. Alveopalatal/Palatal 5. Velar 6. Uvular 7. Pharyngeal |
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Describe labial articulation.
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Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the lips; sounds involving both lispp are bilabial; those involving the lower lip and upper teeth are called labiodentals, (such as /f/ in 'fire')
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Describ dental/interdental articulation.
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Phones produced with teh tongue placed against or near the teeth, such as /t/ and /s/ in French 'temps' and 'sept,' respectively.
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Describe alveolar articulation.
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Tongue touches or brought near small ridge that protrudes from just bhidn the upper front teeth
Ex.; Englihs words 'top' and 'deer' |
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Describe alveopalatal/palatal articulation.
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Tongue uses are behind the alveolar ridge, where the roof ot he mouth rises sharply
Ex. 'sh' and 'ch' sounds |
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Describe velar articulation.
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Tongue touches or touches near the soft are toward the reare of hte roof of the mouth, (the velum)
Ex.: Beginning of the words 'call' and 'guy' |
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Describe uvular articulation.
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Tongue touches small fleshy flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum
Ex.: French 'r' |
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Describe pharyngeal articulation.
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Sounds made through the modification of airflow through the pharynx, by retracting the tonug eor constructing the pharynx
Ex.: Can be found in many dialects of Arabic, but not English |
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What are stops?
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Consonants made with the complete closure either in the oral cavity or at the glottis
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What are the three types of stops?
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1. Oral Stops - airflow is stopped completely
2. Glottal Stops - such as in 'uh-oh' 3. Nasal Stops |
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What are fricatives?
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Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth
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To which class of sounds do fricatives blong?
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Continuants, which also includes vowels and glides
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What 3 sounds are included in the continuant class?
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1. Fricatives
2. Vowels 3. Glides |
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What are examples of English affricates?
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Beginning sounds of 'chuch' and 'jump'
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What are the nosier fricatives called?
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Stridents/Sibilants
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What are the quieter fricatives called?
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Nonstrident
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What is aspiration?
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Lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel after the release of certain voiceless stops in English
Ex.: Seen in 'spat' but not 'pat' |
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What are examples of liquids?
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'l' and 'r'
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What are laterals?
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Varieties of 'l'
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Give an example of a retroflex 'r'
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Heard in 'ride'
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Give an example of a flap 'r'
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Heard in 'bitter' and 'butter'
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How are different vowel qualities produced?
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Varying the placement of the body of the tongue and shaping the lips
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WHat are the two major types of English vowels?
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Simple vowels and dipthongs
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Give examples of simple vowels.
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In: pit, set, cat, dog, suppose
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What are dipthongs?
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Exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable.
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Give examples of dipthongs.
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say, guy, cow, ice
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How are tense vowels made?
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Produced with a placement of the tongue that results in greater vocal tract constriction than that of a nontense vowel
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HOw are lax vowels produced?
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Roughtly the same tongue position as tense vowels, but iwith a less constricted articulation
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What is a simple test to help detemrine whether vowels are tense or lax?
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Monosyllabic words spoken in isolation do not end in lax vowels, as in: see, say, Sue, sow
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What is a tone language?
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Differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch
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What are level tones called that signal meaning differences?
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Register tones
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What is a terminal (intonation) contour
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Falling intonation at the end of an utterance
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What is a nonterminal (intonation) contour?
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Rising or level intonation that signals incompleteness, such as in English question words
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What is rising intonation often used to express politeness?
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Rising intonatoin indicates that further response is expected ~ sounds less like an order ~ more polite
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What is downdrift?
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Each high tone is always lower than the preceding high tone, but higher than the low tone that immediatley preceds it
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What is a stress?
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Cover term for hte combined effects of pithc, loudness, and length - the result of which is perceived prominence
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What is the articulatory process?
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Articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech
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What does assimilation result from?
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The influence of one segmet on another; always results from a sound becoming more like another nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics
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What is nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant caused by?
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Cause dby speakers anticipating the lowering of the velum in advance of a nasal segment.
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What is flapping?
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Process in which a dental or alveolar stop articulation changes to a flap /r/ articulation
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wHat is dissimilation?
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Opposite of assimilation; results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms
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Give examples of deletion.
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Seen in parade and corrode
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What is epithesis?
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Process that inserts a syllabic or nonsyllabic segment within an existing string og segments
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Give examples of epithesis?
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something = sompthing
warmth = warmpth |