Social Analysis 34 - Chpt. 14 Reading Notes

Front 1

In which part of the brain are the differences between animals most pronounced?

Back 1

In the cerebral cortex

Front 2

What is unique about the human cerebral cortex?

Back 2

Has the greatest porpotion of cortex to brain mass of all animals.

Front 3

What are the 2 parts of the folds of the cortex?

Back 3

Sulci and Gyri

Front 4

What are sulci?

Back 4

Areas where the fcortex is folded in.

Front 5

What are the gyri?

Back 5

Areas where the cortex is folded out toward the surface.

Front 6

What is a fissure?

Back 6

Deep sulculus that extends from teh front of the brain to the back.

Front 7

What separates the left and the right hemispheres?

Back 7

The longitudinal fissure

Front 8

What connects the left and the right hemispheres?

Back 8

Corpus collosum

Front 9

Respectively, which side of the body is each hemisphere responsible for?

Back 9

The opposite half, (contralateral)

Front 10

Where doe sthe frontal lobe lie?

Back 10

In front of the central sulculus.

Front 11

Where does the parietal lobel ie?

Back 11

Behind the central sulculus.

Front 12

Where doe sthe temporal lobe lie?

Back 12

Beneath the lateral fissure

Front 13

Where does the cocipital lobe lie?

Back 13

Not clearly marked by an infolding of the cortex, but can be identified as the area to the reare of the angular gyrus

Front 14

What does the angular gyrus play an important role in?

Back 14

Reading

Front 15

Does the brain show evidence of activity to the outside observer?

Back 15

No

Front 16

Until recently, what was the only way to study the brain?

Back 16

Autopsy studies

Front 17

What is Broca's area involved in?

Back 17

Speech production

Front 18

What is Wernicke's area involved in?

Back 18

Language comprehension

Front 19

Describe CT scanning.

Back 19

Computerized axial tomography - technique that uses a narow beam of X-rays to create brain images that take the form of a series of brain slices; provides a static image of the brain, like autopsy

Front 20

What is CT scanning most useful for?

Back 20

Identifying brain lesions and tumors

Front 21

Describe PET scans.

Back 21

Positron Emission Tomography - positron-emitting isotopes, which function as radioactive tracers, are injected inot the arteries in combination with glucose; rate at which the radioactive glucose is used by specific regions of the brain is recorded while the subject is engaged in various sorts of cognitive activities

Front 22

Describe fMRI.

Back 22

Functional magnetic resonance imaging - yield informaiton on area s of the high brain activity during hte performance of cognitive tasks; somewhat less invasive that PET, because it does not require the injection of radioactive compounds; offers a good measure of how brain ctivity changes during language comprehension and production

Front 23

What is a downside of fMRI?

Back 23

Require expensive installations not currently available at most research centers

Front 24

Describe MEG

Back 24

Magnetiencephalography - records very subtle changes in the magnetic fields generated within the brain; has most advantages - noninvasive, provides detailed information on which parts of the brain are involved in a language-processing activity; provides excellent tiem resolution

Front 25

What is the right ear advantage, (REA), phenomenon?

Back 25

Right-handers can hear better through their right ear

Front 26

Give an example of a split brain experiment.

Back 26

If a split-brain patient is blindfolded and an object is placed in right hand, the patient can easily identify it, because the right hand is conected to the left hemisphere that can compute speech output; when the object is placed in the left hand, the patient cannot say what it is.

Front 27

Describe the pathway when something is heard in the left ear.

Back 27

Received by the right hemisphere; then has to be transferred over to the left hemisphere to be processed linguistically

Front 28

What is the most severe form of nonfluent aphasia?

Back 28

Global aphasia - patient is completely mute

Front 29

WHat is dysprosody?

Back 29

Common characteristico f the speech of Broca's aphasiacs; sentences produced slowly and tend to lack normal sentence intonation

Front 30

What is the speech pattern of Broca's aphasiacs often referred to as?

Back 30

Telegraphic speech

Front 31

Are Wernicke's patients generally aware of their condition?

Back 31

No

Front 32

Are Broca's aphasiacs generally aware of their condition?

Back 32

Yes

Front 33

What is jargonaphasia?

Back 33

Very severe cases of Wernicke's aphasia in which phonemes are randomly selected.

Front 34

What is acquired dyslexia?

Back 34

The impairment of reading ability

Front 35

What is acquired dysgraphia?

Back 35

The impairment of writing ability

Front 36

What is paragraphia?

Back 36

A patient who cannot pronounce a word correctly, such as 'spoon,'will also not be able to write it correctly; tend to omit function words and inflectional affixes

Front 37

How is the spelling and handwriting of Wernicke's aphasiacs?

Back 37

Typically retain good spellling and handwriting, but what they write makes little sense

Front 38

What is phonolgocial dyslexia?

Back 38

A type of acquired sdyslexia in which the patient seems to have lsot the ability to use spelling-to-sound rules; can only read words they have seen before

Front 39

What is surface dyslexia?

Back 39

Opposite of phonolgoical dyslexia; unable to recognize words as wholes; must process all words through a set of spelling-to-sound rules; they understand what they produce, not what they see

Front 40

What is deep dyslexia?

Back 40

Pateitns produce reading errors that are systematiclaly related to the word that they are asked to read, such as producing the word, 'father',when given ''mother'

Front 41

What is it called when grammaticaly ability has been lost?

Back 41

Agrammatism

Front 42

Which hemisphere is responsible for pattern recognition in faces?

Back 42

Right Hemisphere

Front 43

Does the left hand localize in the right hemisphere?

Back 43

No; it shows representation in both spheres

Front 44

What lobe is responsible for prediction?

Back 44

Frontal lobe

Front 45

What lobe is responsible or speech?

Back 45

Frontal lobe

Front 46

What lobe is responsible for reading ability?

Back 46

Parietal lobe

Front 47

Which lobe is responsible or pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and taste?

Back 47

Parietal lobe

Front 48

What lobe is responsible for memory processing?

Back 48

Temporal lobe

Front 49

What is the vertical fissure and what is the horizontal fissure in the brain?

Back 49

Vertical: Central Sulcus, (fissure of Rolando)
Horizontal: Lateral Fissure, (Sylvian fissure)

Front 50

What is another name for the Central Sulcus?

Back 50

Fissure of Rolando

Front 51

What is another name for the Lateral Fissure?

Back 51

Sylvian fissure

Front 52

In which lobe is Broca's area?

Back 52

Frontal lobe

Front 53

In which lobe is Wernicke's area?

Back 53

Temporal lobe

Front 54

What is processed better through the left ear?

Back 54

Melodies, bird song

Front 55

Damage to which area in the brian results in fluent aphasia?

Back 55

Left Hemisphere behind the Central Sulcus

Front 56

What is the difference between phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia?

Back 56

Phonological results in lost spelling-sound rules, (can only read words previously seen), whereas surface dyslexia results in the pronounciation of everything based on the way it is spelled, (cannot recognize whole words)

Front 57

Give an example of a disorder that shows agrammatism.

Back 57

Broca's aphasia