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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociological imagination
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connecting personal situation w/ historical events, placing within context of history or rest of the world
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false consciousness
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oppressed identifying with identity given by their oppressor
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personal troubles
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personal matters within limited areas of social life
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public issues
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matters that transcend local environments- have to do with organizations
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normative expectations
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something that SHOULD be expected
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sociological mindfulness
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knowing where personal knowledge comes from: consciousness of way a question is asked *challenging common sense way of looking at things
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systematic research
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standard method of creating valid and reliable observations of the social world through controlling personal biases
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empirical questions
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answerable by measuring, counting or looking to see what happens
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aesthetic question
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question what is subjectively appealing to the senses- not answerable with data
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moral question
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calls for a judgement about what is right and wrong
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interpretive question
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what does something "mean"
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audit experiment
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combination of experiment methods and real-life contexts
* mark of a criminal record experiment |
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effects of race on job call back
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white w/ a criminal record more likely to be hired that black w/out a record
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dispositional hypothesis
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the reason prisons are the way they are is due to the disposition of those who are in charge there- something inherent in the individual
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role
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socially defined expectations for a person given their status in a particular context
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status
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the social position a person occupies within a given context
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total institution
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institution that strips away who a person is, conforming them to that system
*zimbardo prison experiment |
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research ethics
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guidelines/limitations of how research is performed
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deep play
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betting in which stakes are so high you would have to be insane to put money on a bet- irrational
*for status- pride is more important than money * relates to a groups/cultures shared ways- common understanding- common way of doing things |
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culture
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shared ways of a human social group- ways of thinking, understanding and feeling
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culture of fear
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aspect of american culture based on reflection of social patterns and practices that arise from social interactions within a society concerning fears americans have
* influenced by the media |
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controlling image
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images that naturalize racism, sexism and poverty by branding subordinate groups as alternatively inferior, threatening or praiseworthy
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ideology
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cultural representation or narrative that obscures, naturalizes and rationalizes oppressive material relations
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internalization
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letting stereotypes create insecurities- asian-american example- societies standards and stereotypes effecting ones personal opinion of themselves
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resistance
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in the context of culture; maintaining independent self-definition, challenging controlling images within confines of race, class and gender oppression
* resisting stereotypes |
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cultural prostitution
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the degradation, victimization and exploitation of a culture
ex: hawaii seen as a "women" exploited through tourism 1. money is given for exploitation 2. is assumed then that the capacity and attraction (of hawaii) is possessed and reproduced at will and that is "her" nature 3. the institution "tourism" (pimp) controls the "prostitute" (hawaii) managing the commodity, making sure functions are maintained |
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socialization
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social processes through which an individual becomes integrated into a social group by learning the groups culture and his or her roles in that group
*teaches us the cultural norms, values + skills nes. to survive |
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gender
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viewed as a human production
-constantly created and recreated out of human interaction, social life and is the texture and order of that social life "doing gender"- stereotypes about gender |
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Berdache
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biological male who behaves, dresses, works and is treated in most respects as a social women- "male women"
common in eastern cultures |
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stigma
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a preconceived social identity- usually something discrediting that can have adverse effects when an individual is trying to overcome the stigma
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cultural capital
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privileges associated with upper/middle-class students
-speech manners, attire, values * more than money but what comes with being raised upper-class *cultural advantage |
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ascriptive characteristics
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characteristics associated with an individual based on stigmas
*assumed * quality "born in to" |
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achieved characteristics
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a quality someone achieves through their own actions and lifestyle decisions
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deviance
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non conformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society
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labeling theory
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deviance doesn't come from within a person, it is how other people respond / treat them
- if someone is treated as if they are deviant, than they will act that way *deviant- not the same as being bad- based on values of specific groups *basically anything against group norms |
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re-socialization
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socialized in a certain manner, then put in a different situation, changing them
*re-training * have to lose first knowledge of socialization |
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rite of passage
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ritual or ceremony transferring someone from one state to another, becoming accepted to society
*initiation *conversion process *example- boy to man |
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pre-dispositional theory
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someone is predisposed to smoking based on various social traits or situations
- low income, criminal, etc. |
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steps to becoming a marijuana user
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1. have to know how to get high (taught by others first)
2. recognize symptoms / effects of high (differentiate how you feel sober vs. high) 3. learn to enjoy smoking |
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why someone would stop smoking
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- no longer can tell the difference between being high and being sober
-have a bad experience * other people provide other reasons/explanations and convince you to start smoking again |
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rape culture
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set of values and beliefs that provide an environment conducive to rape
-applies to generic culture surrounding and promoting rape, not the specific settings in which rape is likely to occur |
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double standards
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a rule or principle applied more strictly to one group than to another
ex: sexual behavior of women vs. men women considered "sluts" while men are praised |
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ways to reduce rape
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reconstruct setting to provide opportunities for respectful interactions
-promote settings that facilitate positive gender relations |
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social class
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categories of people who share common economic interests in a stratification system
-categorizes a person- restrains them |
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stratification
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class system within a society
-refers to way in which different groups of people are placed within a society -hierarchal arrangement of social classes |
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functionalism
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school of thought that says- things are the way they are bc thats the way that works best.
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social capital
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same as cultural capital-
social advantages that come with being raised upper-class |
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concerted cultivation
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-style of raising children
middle-class parents "develop" children to cultivate talents in a concerted fashion -organized activities -no clear boundaries between adults and children |
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natural growth
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parental "hands off" approach to raising children
-characterized by mostly child-initiated play -clear boundaries between children and adults -no organized activities scheduled by parents |
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entitlement
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associated with middle/upper-class children raised with concerted cultivation
- sense that they have the right to pursue their own individual preferences |
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constraint
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associated with lower-class children raised with natural growth
-do not have the sense of entitlement to pursue own interests, greater respect/ fear for authority. less likely to contradict or speak out |
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institutions
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social order or pattern that has attained a constant state or property. institutions are social patterns that, when chronologically reproduced, owe their survival to relativity
-self activating social processes |
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rationalization
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system of organizations that produces predictable results
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legitimization
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process by which an act, process or ideology becomes legitimate by its attachment to norms and values within a given society
- making something acceptable to a group |
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argument regarding class and effect on way children are raised
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socioeconomic status effects parenting style, producing either entitlement or constraint and based on that eventually reproducing class characteristics
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social structure
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patterns of behavior that reproduce themselves through institutions and organizations
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social construction
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race is created by society
-concrete effect of an idea created by society/ culture |
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whiteness
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foundational category of "white supremacy"
-embodied racial power -visible uniform of dominant racial group |
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not-yet-white
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reference to historical immigrants once originally regarded as "non-white" who strove to become white
- immigrants who were seen as a minority when first coming to american- aka not anglo-saxon protestants. ex: italians, serbians, irish |
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honorary white
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an intermediate group between "whites" and "collective black"
- higher standing than members of "collective black" include- light-skinned latinos, japanese, chinese, middle eastern and korean americans, asian indians, and most multiracials -bascially "almost" white -according to Bonilla-Silva, would buffer racial conflict, allow newcomers into white racial strata and incorporate most immigrants of color into a new bottom strata. |
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Jim Crow
(Jim Crow Laws) |
clearly discriminatory state and local laws against blacks enforced in the south between 1870s and 1960s
-restricted civil rights of black -humiliating practices suggesting minorities mental, moral and intellectual inferiority to whites |
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New Racism
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"racism lite"
-increasingly covert nature of racial discourse and practices -avoidance of racial terminology -not obvious racism - display of racism in other ways |
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abstract liberalism
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ill-informed notions of equal opportunity and economic liberalism to explain the racial status quo.
-rationalizing racially unfair situations -ex: claiming being for "equal opportunity" therefor being opposed to affirmative action. -ignoring effects of past and contemporary discrimination |
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color-blind racism
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-combination of elements of liberalism and with culturally based anti-minority views to justify the contemporary racial order
whites justify the second-class status of minorities as the product or market dynamics, naturally occurring phenomena and blacks' cultural limitations -masks true status of blacks and supports the fallacy that race no longer exists. |
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Latin Americanization
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theory that U.S will develop a triracial system with "whites" at the top, intermediate group of "honorary whites" and a nonwhite or "collective black" at the bottom.
-similar to case in Latin American and Caribbean, color logic of white supremacy will become more prominent -preference for people who are "light skinned" will become a more important factor in social transactions -US is becoming increasingly nonwhite and would be in a sense a way to preserve white racial power. -basically more groups now considered a minority or nonwhite would be considered white |
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wealth vs. income
(and relation to race) |
wealth- total value of things families own minus their debts
income- includes earnings from work, interests and dividends, pensions and transfer payments. -wealth signifies ownership and control of resources -income represents salary or its replacement -focusing only on income underestimates racial inequality and examining wealth is indispensable part of understanding inequality. -position of two families with the same income but highly different wealth assets are not identical. |
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underground economy
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untaxed economy
-typically cash transactions that evade traceability by the government -anything from babysitting to drug dealing and prostitution |
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victim-blaming
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holding victims of a situation, crime or accident to be responsible for what happened to them
-in reference to Bourgois' writings- not taking into account social, political and economic situations that create the negative environment, produce "victims" of the environment and influence those he saw to do what they did but simply blaming the person themselves for their actions |
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cultural capital
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in Bourgois' book basically a reverse of previously defined cultural capital- qualities needed to gain respect, survive and be successful in the underground economy
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culture of terror
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dominating effect of widespread violence on a vulnerable society
-one consequence is the silence of the peaceful majority in the neighborhood- isolation from community and hate of those participating in street culture -internalization of racist stereotypes -mainstream society uses images of culture of terror to dehumanize the victims and perpetrators to justify unwillingness to confront segregation, economic marginalization and public sector breakdown |
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Gendered Self theory/ Individualist theory
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men and women have distinct personalities
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Institutional theory/ Deceptive distinctions
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differences between men and women are related to the roles they play in institutions
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interactional theory/ "Doing gender"
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once a person is labeled a member of a specific sex category, she or he is morally accountable for behaving as persons in that category
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gender stratification
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social systems in which socioeconomic resources and political power are distributed on the basis of ones sex and gender
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tokenism
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having someone in a group who is different than others to show diversity
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hegemony
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dominance- cultural dynamic by which a group claims and sustains dominance in life
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hegemonic masculinity
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unspoken dominance of males and masculine traits in society
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hyper-masculinity
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hyper=too
too masculine |
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glass ceiling
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women in male-dominated jobs find themselves constrained by invisible barriers to promotion in their careers
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glass escalator
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males feel an invisible pressure to move up in their careers even despite their own intentions
-must work to stay in place |
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pure relationship
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an intimate partnership entered into for its own sake which lasts only as long as both partners are satisfied with the rewards they get from it.
-not tied to an institution or desire to have children |
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deinstitutionalization
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weakening of the social norms that define people's behavior in a social institution such as marriage
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companionate marriage
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marriage with more focus on sentimental bonds- couples are each others companions- friends, lovers
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individualized marriage
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-role of husband and wife become more flexible
-satisfaction in marriage is based on individual- development of own sense of self and expression of their feelings -opposed to satisfaction gained from building a family and playing roles of spouse and parent |
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marriage as a status symbol
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a status one builds up to-
-living with a partner before hand -attaining steady employment -putting away savings -having children *something to be achieved through ones own efforts |
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stonewall riots-1969
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event that ignited the gay liberation movement
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scapegoat
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right-wing government scapegoated "sexual perverts" during McCarthy era
-gays were thought of as sexual perverts -gays=political victims of social instability generated by capitalism |
