Soci 205 Chapter 6

Front 1

deviance

Back 1

refers to any violation of norms; it is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act

Front 2

relativity of deviance

Back 2

point made by symbolic interactionists. Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to some is not deviant to others

Front 3

crime

Back 3

the violation of rules that have been written into law

Front 4

stigma

Back 4

Goffman: refer to characteristics that discredit people; these include violations of norms of ability and norms of appearance, involuntary memberships

Front 5

social order

Back 5

a group's customary social arrangements

Front 6

social control

Back 6

formal and informal means of enforcing norms

Front 7

negative sanctions

Back 7

actions showing disapproval of deviance

Front 8

positive sanctions

Back 8

reward people for conforming to norms

Front 9

genetic predispositions

Back 9

born with characteristics that lead them to juvenile delinquents and criminals; low intelligence, extra Y chromosome, body type

Front 10

street crime

Back 10

acts such as mugging, rape, and burglary

Front 11

personality disorders

Back 11

psychologists focus on conditions within the individual

Front 12

differential association

Back 12

Sutherland: indicate that we learn to deviate from or to conform to society's norms mostly by the different groups we associate with

Front 13

control theory

Back 13

Reckless: stress that 2 control systems work against our motivations to deviate

Front 14

inner controls

Back 14

internalized morality-conscience, religious principles, ideas of right and wrong, fear of punishment, feelings of integrity, and desire to be a "good" person

Front 15

outer controls

Back 15

people, such as family, friends, and the police, who influence us not to deviate

Front 16

What do our bonds with society consist of?

Back 16

attachments-feeling affection and respect for people who conform to mainstream norms
commitments-having a stake in society that you don't want ot risk
involvements-putting time and energy into approved activities
beliefs-believing that certain actions are morally wrong

Front 17

labeling theory

Back 17

significance of the labels (names, reputations) that we are given. Labels tend to become part of our self-concept and help to set us on paths that either propel us into or divert us from deviance

Front 18

techniques of neutralization

Back 18

denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

Front 19

How is deviance successful for society?

Back 19

Durkheim: clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, promotes social unity, and promote social change

Front 20

cultural goals

Back 20

people have desire to reach wealth or high status or to achieve whatever other objectives society holds out for them

Front 21

institutionalized means

Back 21

the legitimate ways of achieving success

Front 22

strain theory

Back 22

Merton: people who experience strain, are likely to feel anomie, a sense of normlessness. Because mainstream norms don't seem to be getting them anywhere, people find it difficult to identify with mainstream norms. They may even feel wronged by the system

Front 23

What are the deviant paths?

Back 23

innovators, ritualists, retreatists, rebels

Front 24

illegitimate opportunity structures

Back 24

gains made by opportunities that go against respected norms

Front 25

white-collar crime

Back 25

crime ppl of respectable and high social status commit in the course of their occupation

Front 26

corporate crime

Back 26

crimes committed by executives to benefit their corporation

Front 27

criminal justice system

Back 27

the police, courts, and prisons that deal with people who are accused of having committed crimes

Front 28

capitalist class

Back 28

those why buy labor, and thereby control the workers

Front 29

working class

Back 29

those who sell their labor

Front 30

marginal working class

Back 30

people who have few skills, who are subject to layoffs, and whose jobs are low paying, part time, or seasonal

Front 31

recidivism rate

Back 31

the percentage of former prisoner who are arrested

Front 32

capital punishment

Back 32

the death penalty

Front 33

medicalization of deviance

Back 33

Freud: deviance, including crime, is a sign of mental sickness

Front 34

What did Szaz say about medicalization of deviance?

Back 34

mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses. They are simply problem behaviors, they are coping devices, social experiences underly bizarre behaviors