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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is greater... in equality in income or inequality in wealth? |
wealth |
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Instead of using 'First, Second, and Third world countries,' how do we classify countries based on their wealth disparities in modern times? How wealthy are these countries by definition? |
1. High Income countries (top 72) -per capita GDP above $12,000 2. Middle income countries (70 countries) -per capita GDP between $2500-$12,000 3. Low Income countries (53 countries) -per capita GDP below $2500 |
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What advantages does the new model of country wealth classification have over the 'Three worlds' system? |
-focuses on economic development rather than whether societies are capitalist or socialist -gives a better picture of relative economic development of various countries because it doesn't lump all low income countries into 'third world' |
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About how much of the world's incomes is in high-income countries? |
-Around 78% |
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How does the rural/urban demographic differ from high-middle-lower income countries |
-high: 3/4 people live in or near cities -middle: 52% of people live in or near cities low: mostly agrarian: 1/3 live in cities |
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How is population density related to income of nation? |
-lower income nations tend to have higher population densities... especially those in Asian countries |
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How is economic productivity related to population growth |
-economic productivity is at its lowest in precisely the areas where population growth is the highest |
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What is the quality of life index based on? |
-income -education -longevity |
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Which is more important in global perspective? Relative or Absolute poverty? What do people in rich countries tend to focus on? |
-Absolute poverty -Relative poverty |
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What is the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty? |
-relative poverty: means that some people lack resources that are taken for granted by others
-absolute poverty: a lack of resources that is life-threatening |
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What are life expectancy rates in low income countries for the following ages: 65 and 5 |
-65: 1/3 -5: 8/10 |
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According to a 2009 study, what percent of the Canadian population is considered poor? |
-9.3% |
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Where are roughly half of the world's street children found? |
-Latin American cities |
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What type of people make up the majority of people working in sweatshops? |
-women |
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What are barriers that keep women out of prestigious work in low-income countries |
-tradition -religion -limited birth control technology available -these things also instruct women to do housework |
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About how many of the 1 billion people living in poverty are women? |
70% |
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What percent of the world lives in conditions that amount to slavery? |
-3 percent (200 million) |
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What are the 5 types of slavery? (+1) |
-chattel slavery: one person owns another -slavery imposed by the state: forced labor for criminal violations, or simply because government is in need of their labour -child slavery: families force children to beg/do whatever to survive -debt bondage: employer pays wages to workers that are less than costs of living -servile forms of marriage +1. human trafficking |
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What are 6 leading explanations of global poverty? |
1. Technology 2. Population Growth 3. Cultural Patterns (tradition) 4. Social Stratification 5. Gender Inequality (contributes to expanding pop) 6. Global power relationships |
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Many analysts believe that raising living standards in much of the world depends on raising the social standing of women. Why? |
-Gender inequality means they have many children. Expanding population slows economic development |
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How does historical colonialism have an effect on disparity of wealth in nations today? |
-global exploitation allowed some nations to develop at expense of others: disadvantaged nations still feel effects |
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What is neocolonialism? What are modern examples? |
-a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations -Nike and sweatshop use -dependency from poor to rich countries |
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What are the two major explanations for the unequal distribution of the world's wealth and power? |
-Modernization Theory -Dependency Theory |
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What is modernization theory? |
-a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations |
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According to modernization theory, what is the greatest barrier to economic development? |
tradition |
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According to Rostow, modernization occurs in 4 stages. What are these stages? |
1. Traditional 2. Takeoff 3. Drive to technological maturity 4. High Mass Consumption |
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What occurs during the takeoff stage? |
-people start to use talents/imagination -greater individualism, desire for material goods -at expense of tradition |
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What occurs during technological drive to maturity? |
-econ growth is a widely accepted idea -diversified economy -erosion of tradition-realization of it -absolute poverty greatly reduced -individualism creates social movement |
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What occurs during high mass consumption? |
-people learn to 'need' expanding array of goods available |
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What are the four roles that modernization theory claims high income countries play in global economic development? |
-Controlling population- export birth control tech, promoting use -Increasing food production- export high tech farming methods -Introducing industrial technology- help shift labor force from agrarian to skilled city work -providing foreign aid |
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What is dependency theory? |
-a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones |
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How does dependency theory argue that the industrial revolution has changed poor countries? |
-in a negative way: they are worse off now than before, despite the fact that the world is richer -dependency theory rests on idea that economic positions of rich/poor cannot be understood apart from each other -nations only became rich in many cases because the impoverished others |
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How does Immanuel Wallerstein describe global stratification |
-using 'world economy' model -dependency of countries results from global economic system -traces roots to colonialism -core, periphery, semiperiphery countries |
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What are the three factors that cause dependency of nations according to Wallerstein? |
1. Narrow, export-oriented economies 2. Lack of industrial capacity 3. Foreign debt |
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How do narrow, export oriented economies contribute to dependency? |
-poor nations develop few industries of their own -core countries able to exploit |
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How does lack of industrial capacity contribute to dependency? |
-double bind: count on rich nations to buy their things and buy from them whatever goods they can afford |
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How do modernization theory and dependency theory assign different roles to rich nations? |
-modernization theory: rich countries produce wealth through capital -dependency theory: views global inequality in terms of how countries distribute wealth |
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How do Lappe and Moore insist that capitalist culture encourages people to think of poverty as somehow inevitable? |
-global poverty results from deliberate, not natural, processes -contradiction of poverty and plenty--stems from rich nations policy of producing food for profit, not people |
