Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-Behavior that is recognized as violating expecting rules and norms.
-Stresses social context, not individual behavior -Rules and norms are socially created |
Deviance
|
|
-Type of Deviance
-Explanations of deviatn behavior as a result of a pathology or sickness -People need medical help not punishment EX: alcoholism |
Medicalization
|
|
-Type of Deviance w/ this person:
-______ argued that there's nothing abnomral about deviance -It performs cultural values and norms, clarifies moral boundaries, brings people together -Encourages social change -Related to structural functionalism |
Durkheim
|
|
-Type of Deviance
-creates and promotes social coheison. -Results from structural strains in society. -Occurs when peoples attatchment to social bonds are diminished |
Structural Functionalism
(Durkheim) |
|
-Type of Deviance
-Associated with Merton -A theory that interprets deviance as originiation in the tensions that exist in society between cultural goals (financial success) and the means people have to acheive these goals. -People can either conform or engange in types of deviance |
Structural Strain Theory
|
|
-Structrual Strain Theory of deviance is related to this person
|
Merton
|
|
-Type of Deviance
-Hirschi -Deviance is a result of the weakening of social bonds -Social control to prevent deviation varies with attatchment, opportunity, involvement, and belief |
Social Control Theory
|
|
-Social Control Theory is related to this person
|
Hirschi
|
|
-Type of Deviance
-Sutherland -Interprets deviance including criminal behavior as behavior one learns through interaction with others -Those who differentially associate with deliquents learn to value deviance |
Differential Association Theory (Symbolic Interactionsm)
|
|
Symbolic Interactionism/Differential Association Theory is related to this person
|
Sutherland
|
|
-Type of Deviance
-Becker -No behavior or individual is intrinsically deviant-behavior is deviant because people in society label it deviant. |
Labeling Theory
|
|
Labeling Theory of deviance is associated with this person
|
Becker
|
|
-Deviance
-Episodes of norm violations that provoke slight reactions from others and have little effect on a persons self concept |
Primary Deviance
|
|
-Deviance
-The behavior that results from being labeled as a deviant |
Secondary Deviance
|
|
-Crime
-Violent or nonviolent crimes directed against people EX: murder, aggravated assault, rape, robbery |
Crimes Against person
|
|
-Crime
-Crimes involving theft or change of property without bodily harm EX: burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson -Most common type of crime |
Crimes against property
|
|
-Crime
-The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services EX: drug use, drinking, prostitiution, and gambling |
Victimless crimes
|
|
-Crime
-Assaults and other malicious acts directed against gays, the disabled, and racial, ethnic, or religous groups |
Hate Crimes
|
|
-Crime
-Crimes commited primarily by those in the upper class in the context of their "ordinary activities" EX: tax evasion, embezzlement, stock manipulation -least investigated/prosecuted |
White Collar (elite) crimes
|
|
-Crime
-crimes that occur within the context of a formal organization or bureaucracy and is sanction by the organizations norm |
Corporate crime
|
|
-The system on which the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is based
-Goods/services |
Economy
|
|
-Brought changes to the economy starting in Europe
-New sources of energy, centralization of work in factories, mass production, wage/labor cashbased economy |
Industrial Revolution
|
|
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that draws raw materials from natural environments EX: agriculture, fishing |
Primary sector
|
|
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods |
Secondary sector
|
|
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that involves services rather than goods |
Tertriary sector
|
|
-Type of economy
-Natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned -Prive ownership of property, pursuit of personal profit, competition and consumer choice |
Capitalism
|
|
-Type of economy
-Characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries -Collective ownership of property, govt control of the economy |
Socialism
|
|
-Type of economy
-The state is the sole owner of the systems of production -Communal ownership of all property |
Communisms
|
|
-Economic activity that crosses national borders
|
Global economy
|
|
-Work tasks are broken down into simple routines that require little training
-Level of skill needed to perform a job declines over time EX: Henry Ford |
Deskilling
|
|
-The ______'s view on work is that it teaches people societyal values culturally and integrates people into social order
|
Functionalist
|
|
-A ______ theorist's view on work believe that there are a limited number of resources taht groups compete over
-Some groups have more access to resources- class inequality is the source of unequal work rewards |
Conflict
|
|
-_____________'s view on work are interested in the meaning people give to work and the interactions people have in the work place
-How work is defined |
Symbolic Interactionism
|
|
-Symbolic Interactionism
-_______ proposed the concept of emotional labor; specifically intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client |
Arlie Hochschild
|
|
-A social category or social construction that we treat as distinct on the basis of certain characteristics that have been assigned social importance in society
-Can be viewed as a master status |
Race
|
|
-A social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language or common religion
EX: Italian, German, Puerto Rican |
Ethnic group
|
|
-Related to stereotypes
-We categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent -Characteristics are culturally determined |
Salience principle
|
|
-An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum
|
Stereotype
|
|
-Prejudice
-How closely people are willing to interact and est. their own relationships with members of racial and ethnic groups -EX: terrorist attacks: muslims and arabs were outcasted |
Social distance
|
|
-The preception and treatment of a racial or ethnic gropu, or members of that group as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to ones own group
|
Racism
|
|
-Type of racism
-Persistant, subtle, stereotyping of minorities particularly in the media, tendency to blame minority groups, resistance to policy that would reduce/eliminate racial oppression |
Laissez-faire racism
|
|
-Type of racism
-Racism involving notions of racial or ethnic inferiority that have become ingrained into societys institutions |
Institutional racism
|
|
-Patterns of interaction
-A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are culturally distinct but co-exist peacefully with the dominant group |
Pluralism
|
|
-Pattern of interaction
-The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed with dominant society |
Assimilation
|
|
-Patterns of interaction
-The physical and social separation of categories of pepole |
Segregation
|
|
-Patterns of interaction
-Systematic killing of 1 category of people by another |
Genocide
|
|
-Theory of Prejudice
-Prejudice results from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged -People typically with little power whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles |
Scapegoat theory
|
|
-Theory of Prejudice
-Viewed extremem prejudice as a personality trait of some individuals -Characterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize people and to submit authority, rigidly conform, intolerant to ambiguity, inclined to supersition |
Authoritarian Personality theory
|
|
-theory of prejudice
-TO maintain societal stability minority groups must assimiliate into the dominant culture |
Functionalism
|
|
-theory of prejudice
-How race/ethnicity is socially constructed -How interacting with people of different racial/ethnic groups reduce hostility |
symbolic interactionism
|
|
-type of prejudice
-Reducing inequality will lessen racial/ethnic inequality |
Conflict perspective
|
|
-A system by which a society ranks categories of people in hierarchy
-A trait in society, universal but variable -Involves ot just inequality, but also beliefs |
Social stratification
|
|
-Forms of stratification
-Ownership of property and the exercise of power is monopolized by the elite/noble class, which as total control over resources -Position is usually ascribed -Most dominant group |
Estate System
|
|
-Forms of stratification
-Based on ascription or birth -Most rigid form of stratification -Maintained by cultural norms and social control mechanisms that are deeply embedded in religous, political, and economic institutions EX: India, S. Africa |
Caste system
|
|
-Form of stratification
-Based on both birth and individual achievement -More open, w/ imprecisely defined boundaries |
Class system
|
|
_______ defined social classes in terms of how they were related to means of production
|
Marx
|
|
-Marx viewed this social class as the owners
|
Capitalist class
|
|
-Marx viewed this social class as workers who sell labor for wages
|
Working class
|
|
-Marx viewed this social class as unnecessary workers who have been discarded by the economic system
|
Lumpenproletariat
|
|
-Marx viewed this social class as small business owners
|
Petty bourgeoisie
|
|
-Social class
-Top 5% of US population -at least $191, 000 pr year |
Upper class
|
|
-Social class
-40-45% of US pop -provides a secure comfortabl eincome which allows for a lifestyle well above a substinence level |
Middle class
|
|
-Social class
-Lower middle class -1/3 of the population -$25-45000 pr year |
Working class
|
|
-Social class
-Bottom 20% of US -earning under $25,000 pr year |
Lower class
|
|
-Income, wealth, education, and occupational prestige is how we measure ___________
|
social class
|
|
-The percent of those not working, but officially defined as looking for work
|
Unemployment
|
|
-A term used to describe being employed at a level below what would be expected, given a persons level of training or education
|
Underemployment
|
|
-A persons movement over time from one social class to another
-Can be up or down |
Social mobility
|
|
-Type of mobility
-A change in social position ocuring during a persons lifetime |
Intragenerational social mobility
|
|
-Type of mobility
-Upward or downward social movility over generations EX: children having a class change in relation to their parents |
Intergenerational social mobility
|
|
-Type of mobility
-The movement of an individual from one social position to another |
Horizontal mobility
|
|
-Type of mobility
-The movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank |
Vertical mobility
|