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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
-Behavior that is recognized as violating expecting rules and norms.
-Stresses social context, not individual behavior
-Rules and norms are socially created
Deviance
-Type of Deviance
-Explanations of deviatn behavior as a result of a pathology or sickness
-People need medical help not punishment
EX: alcoholism
Medicalization
-Type of Deviance w/ this person:
-______ argued that there's nothing abnomral about deviance
-It performs cultural values and norms, clarifies moral boundaries, brings people together
-Encourages social change
-Related to structural functionalism
Durkheim
-Type of Deviance
-creates and promotes social coheison.
-Results from structural strains in society.
-Occurs when peoples attatchment to social bonds are diminished
Structural Functionalism
(Durkheim)
-Type of Deviance
-Associated with Merton
-A theory that interprets deviance as originiation in the tensions that exist in society between cultural goals (financial success) and the means people have to acheive these goals.
-People can either conform or engange in types of deviance
Structural Strain Theory
-Structrual Strain Theory of deviance is related to this person
Merton
-Type of Deviance
-Hirschi
-Deviance is a result of the weakening of social bonds
-Social control to prevent deviation varies with attatchment, opportunity, involvement, and belief
Social Control Theory
-Social Control Theory is related to this person
Hirschi
-Type of Deviance
-Sutherland
-Interprets deviance including criminal behavior as behavior one learns through interaction with others
-Those who differentially associate with deliquents learn to value deviance
Differential Association Theory (Symbolic Interactionsm)
Symbolic Interactionism/Differential Association Theory is related to this person
Sutherland
-Type of Deviance
-Becker
-No behavior or individual is intrinsically deviant-behavior is deviant because people in society label it deviant.
Labeling Theory
Labeling Theory of deviance is associated with this person
Becker
-Deviance
-Episodes of norm violations that provoke slight reactions from others and have little effect on a persons self concept
Primary Deviance
-Deviance
-The behavior that results from being labeled as a deviant
Secondary Deviance
-Crime
-Violent or nonviolent crimes directed against people
EX: murder, aggravated assault, rape, robbery
Crimes Against person
-Crime
-Crimes involving theft or change of property without bodily harm
EX: burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson
-Most common type of crime
Crimes against property
-Crime
-The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
EX: drug use, drinking, prostitiution, and gambling
Victimless crimes
-Crime
-Assaults and other malicious acts directed against gays, the disabled, and racial, ethnic, or religous groups
Hate Crimes
-Crime
-Crimes commited primarily by those in the upper class in the context of their "ordinary activities"
EX: tax evasion, embezzlement, stock manipulation
-least investigated/prosecuted
White Collar (elite) crimes
-Crime
-crimes that occur within the context of a formal organization or bureaucracy and is sanction by the organizations norm
Corporate crime
-The system on which the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is based
-Goods/services
Economy
-Brought changes to the economy starting in Europe
-New sources of energy, centralization of work in factories, mass production, wage/labor cashbased economy
Industrial Revolution
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that draws raw materials from natural environments
EX: agriculture, fishing
Primary sector
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
Secondary sector
-Sector of economy
-Part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
Tertriary sector
-Type of economy
-Natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
-Prive ownership of property, pursuit of personal profit, competition and consumer choice
Capitalism
-Type of economy
-Characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries
-Collective ownership of property, govt control of the economy
Socialism
-Type of economy
-The state is the sole owner of the systems of production
-Communal ownership of all property
Communisms
-Economic activity that crosses national borders
Global economy
-Work tasks are broken down into simple routines that require little training
-Level of skill needed to perform a job declines over time
EX: Henry Ford
Deskilling
-The ______'s view on work is that it teaches people societyal values culturally and integrates people into social order
Functionalist
-A ______ theorist's view on work believe that there are a limited number of resources taht groups compete over
-Some groups have more access to resources- class inequality is the source of unequal work rewards
Conflict
-_____________'s view on work are interested in the meaning people give to work and the interactions people have in the work place
-How work is defined
Symbolic Interactionism
-Symbolic Interactionism
-_______ proposed the concept of emotional labor; specifically intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client
Arlie Hochschild
-A social category or social construction that we treat as distinct on the basis of certain characteristics that have been assigned social importance in society
-Can be viewed as a master status
Race
-A social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language or common religion
EX: Italian, German, Puerto Rican
Ethnic group
-Related to stereotypes
-We categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent
-Characteristics are culturally determined
Salience principle
-An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum
Stereotype
-Prejudice
-How closely people are willing to interact and est. their own relationships with members of racial and ethnic groups
-EX: terrorist attacks: muslims and arabs were outcasted
Social distance
-The preception and treatment of a racial or ethnic gropu, or members of that group as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to ones own group
Racism
-Type of racism
-Persistant, subtle, stereotyping of minorities particularly in the media, tendency to blame minority groups, resistance to policy that would reduce/eliminate racial oppression
Laissez-faire racism
-Type of racism
-Racism involving notions of racial or ethnic inferiority that have become ingrained into societys institutions
Institutional racism
-Patterns of interaction
-A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are culturally distinct but co-exist peacefully with the dominant group
Pluralism
-Pattern of interaction
-The process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed with dominant society
Assimilation
-Patterns of interaction
-The physical and social separation of categories of pepole
Segregation
-Patterns of interaction
-Systematic killing of 1 category of people by another
Genocide
-Theory of Prejudice
-Prejudice results from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged
-People typically with little power whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
Scapegoat theory
-Theory of Prejudice
-Viewed extremem prejudice as a personality trait of some individuals
-Characterized by a tendency to rigidly categorize people and to submit authority, rigidly conform, intolerant to ambiguity, inclined to supersition
Authoritarian Personality theory
-theory of prejudice
-TO maintain societal stability minority groups must assimiliate into the dominant culture
Functionalism
-theory of prejudice
-How race/ethnicity is socially constructed
-How interacting with people of different racial/ethnic groups reduce hostility
symbolic interactionism
-type of prejudice
-Reducing inequality will lessen racial/ethnic inequality
Conflict perspective
-A system by which a society ranks categories of people in hierarchy
-A trait in society, universal but variable
-Involves ot just inequality, but also beliefs
Social stratification
-Forms of stratification
-Ownership of property and the exercise of power is monopolized by the elite/noble class, which as total control over resources
-Position is usually ascribed
-Most dominant group
Estate System
-Forms of stratification
-Based on ascription or birth
-Most rigid form of stratification
-Maintained by cultural norms and social control mechanisms that are deeply embedded in religous, political, and economic institutions
EX: India, S. Africa
Caste system
-Form of stratification
-Based on both birth and individual achievement
-More open, w/ imprecisely defined boundaries
Class system
_______ defined social classes in terms of how they were related to means of production
Marx
-Marx viewed this social class as the owners
Capitalist class
-Marx viewed this social class as workers who sell labor for wages
Working class
-Marx viewed this social class as unnecessary workers who have been discarded by the economic system
Lumpenproletariat
-Marx viewed this social class as small business owners
Petty bourgeoisie
-Social class
-Top 5% of US population
-at least $191, 000 pr year
Upper class
-Social class
-40-45% of US pop
-provides a secure comfortabl eincome which allows for a lifestyle well above a substinence level
Middle class
-Social class
-Lower middle class
-1/3 of the population
-$25-45000 pr year
Working class
-Social class
-Bottom 20% of US
-earning under $25,000 pr year
Lower class
-Income, wealth, education, and occupational prestige is how we measure ___________
social class
-The percent of those not working, but officially defined as looking for work
Unemployment
-A term used to describe being employed at a level below what would be expected, given a persons level of training or education
Underemployment
-A persons movement over time from one social class to another
-Can be up or down
Social mobility
-Type of mobility
-A change in social position ocuring during a persons lifetime
Intragenerational social mobility
-Type of mobility
-Upward or downward social movility over generations
EX: children having a class change in relation to their parents
Intergenerational social mobility
-Type of mobility
-The movement of an individual from one social position to another
Horizontal mobility
-Type of mobility
-The movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
Vertical mobility