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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
functionalism
(macro perspective)
the idea that social activity contributes to the continuation of society as a whole. (manifest and latent functions)

maintains order and stability. moral consensus

problems- overlooks societal division
conflict theory
(macro perspective)
society is always beneficial to those on top.
symbolic interactionism
(micro perspective)
through everyday social interactions, we create shared understandings
social differentiation
achieved (when one holds a social position based on his own doings such as a job) vs. ascribed (status based on uncontrollable aspects like race or gender)
social inequality
humans are judgmental

social positions are associated with different rewards
stratification
the word literally means the building up of layers.

based on shared characteristics

different experiences and opportunities

slow to change

three basic systems- slavery/ caste/ class (similar wealth, life chances, more open to change)
slavery
a system of stratification where people own other people (tied to ethnicity/ religion)

rigid, not open to chance
caste
a system of stratification based on distinct divisions in groups (hereditary)

rigid, no mobility
income inequality and explanations
income distribution has been increasingly unequal from 1977-2000's. the US has higher income inequality than most nations.

why?- value of minimum wage, decline in union membership, rising returns to education, technology, institutional changes (changes in economy)
cultural capital
stuff that goes into your cultural toolkit that is associated with class. class difference in minimized when people consume same culture, but intensified with people don't have access to high culture.
social mobility
one's movement up and down the economic ladder.

usually small. more from middle class than top or bottom.

inheritance matters (economic advantages, cultural advantages)
functions of stratification
some positions are more important than others and require special skills.

rewards are used to attract the most qualified people.

stratification: the most qualified people fill the most important roles in society

stratification might limit the discovery of talent
surplus value
a theory of stratification (Marx)
under the section of "relationship exploitive:" surplus value is the difference between a worker's wage and the value of the goods or services he or she produces. workers produce a positive surplus for their labor because what they produce is more valuable than their income. (worker exploitation)
marx
Marx was a conflict theorist. three theories of stratification:

class: common relationship to means of production

relationship exploitive

predicted increasing gap between wealthy and poor

he was right when it come to persistence of poverty and continued inequality but wrong in terms of persistently low income.
class
Marxian theory of stratification.

common relationship to means of production. (capitalist/industrialist) (working class)
status
one of three components to Weber's and other conflict ideas on stratification:

status give off a certain prestige
power
another one of Weber's ideas (conflict theory) on stratification was that power gives certain people the ability to exercise one's will over another's
Weber
Weber was a conflict theorist that had 3 components on stratification:

class

status

power
Dominant Ideology
Weber:

ideological power: a set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in society, framing how the majority think about about different things such as race or class
Estate Tax
an example of ideological power

easy for rich people to evade certain taxes to stay in power
conspicuous consumption/ leisure
a symbolic interactionist view on stratification:

power of the rich as they are visibly showing off their money and enjoying a lot of down time with great stuff
mass media
print and electronic means of communication that carries messages to widespread audiences
the three perspectives on mass media (Functionalism...)
functionalism: mass media tells us important stuff so we can know what's going on. gives us a standardized view of culture contributing our our socialization process. can be an enforcer of social norms and social control, conferral of status to those in society, sells the audience to advertisers.

interactionist view: media constructs reality by manipulating images in these "photo ops" so that they give of their intended message. media also shapes our day to day interactions through social networks. in addition, egocasting

Conflict Theory: There is a digital divide so some don't have access. gatekeeping: control over what images reach the eyes of the public. this will keep powerful protected from harmful news. agenda setting: the media filters and thus, shapes our perception of what is real while telling us what she should view of important. in terms of dominant ideology: what is shown are cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain the interest of the powerful
conferral of status
a functionalist view: assigns people in society a status by their portrayal of certain folks and also shows how these people should be viewed/ treated.

we know what society deems important by who we listen to. this is a reflection of moral consensus.
narcotizing effect
mass media will play something over and over again so that people will become desensitized to it. (a dysfunctional idea)
egocasting
media that only reflects one's own taste or opinion
digital divide
a conflict idea about mass media that suggests not all people have access to digital media
gatekeeping
control of what images reach the public to maximize profits or keep rich in power
agenda setting
media filters and shapes our reality to determine what we view as important
all views on education
functionalism: manifest: transmission of knowledge/ bestowal of status. latent: transmitting a certain culture/ socialization as well as promoting social and political integration. maintaining social control (restricting and directing student aspirations). serving as an agent of change (sex ed).

Conflict:an instrument of elite domination. there are inequalities in educational opportunities. credentialism and hidden curriculum

symbolic interactionism:
credentialism
the idea that a diploma matters more than an education (conflict). someone's skills are more viewed through cultural agents not technical. this will result in one's job. this reinforces social inequality as poor will never have the cultural capital needed to get certain diplomas.
hidden curriculum
subtle lessons and behaviors that schools will instill in their students to serve elite domination. poor kids are not getting the same hidden curriculum. between schools: cultural capital. within schools: tracking.
correspondence principle
a close relationship between social standing and the educational system. Many argue that schools in capitalistic societies are geared toward giving children different types of education based solely on their social standing rather than by their inherent skills. this idea states that based on their status, kids are accordingly placed in tracks to certain jobs
teacher expectancy effect
when a teacher expects something from her students (usually is based on their class and cultural capital) the students will eventually develop an attitude similar to teachers expectations. therefore, with a teacher sets high standards for her student she will give him more focused treatment which will make him a better students and eventually more successful in school.
intelligence
people wonder if this is based more on nature or nurture. it has been seen that ones intellectual development relies heavily of one's upbringing.
The Bell Curve
the book stating the difference between people's intelligence and IQ test results is based on genetic differences between racial and ethnic groups. this explains why people are more intelligent than others and explains poverty
Inequality by Design
a book saying that peoples intelligence and IQ are not a genetic difference but more deeply rooted in cultural differences.

more whites go to prior schooling and their culture contributes to perceived intellect
acting white hypothesis
idea that black people will reject things equated with acting white. this consists of trying hard in school
oppositional culture
the rejection any anything white (opposite to black culture). doing well in school is seen as a white norm so blacks will reject it and do bad in school.
stereotype threat
when you are at risk of proving or disproving a negative stereotype. this will cause anxiety and lead to a bad performance on a test.
social capital
one makes many social ties in one's life. social capital is the value of one's social network. what it can do for someone in terms of rewards.
McNamara, Hovart et al.'s study
this deals with social capital. schools like to serve the middle class. parents of the middle class have children who take part in many activities with other middle class kids. this, in turn, forms a relationship between middle class parents. lower class parents do not make ties with other parents.

the point is that when one's kid get into trouble, middle class kids have the social of their parents ties with other parents needed to fight the school. these parents will make a lot of noise and fight the school to help the kid. the lower class parents do not make as much noise and this lack of social capital will hurt the child in school.
Deviance
nonconformity to a set of norms
Norms (in terms of deviance)
rules
Laws
norms defined my government
sanctions
are a way of enforcing norms and minimizing deviance. can be positive and negative. overall, a threatened penalty.
crime
breaking the law
adaptive function
Durkheim: a functionalist theory of crime.

adaptive function of crime is harmful in introducing fresh ideas and concepts into society to prevent it from stagnating. Too much conformity coupled with too little crime was bad he argued because society will stop evolving.
boundary maintenance
Durkheim saw crime as reaffirming boundaries within society. Through things such as media scrutiny, gossiping and denunciation, criminals reaffirm the exact boundaries between what is considered ‘good’ and ‘bad’ behavior
relative deprivation
is the experience of being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled to have.

It refers to the discontent people feel when they compare their positions to others and realize that they have less than them.
False Consciousness
People buy into the dominant ideology of society; people are unable to see things, especially exploitation, oppression, and social relations, as they really are.
Resource Mobilization
A part of effective social movements; resources are defined as: money, people, political/media influence, etc
Social Movements
Collective efforts to bring about or resist social change; occur outside of institutions; occur due to relative deprivation
Gender Wage Gap
why?: different job experience, statistical discrimination, comparable worth discrimination; other take on wage gap is motherhood penalty
Motherhood Penalty
also referred to as the "mommy tax";
why?: differing traits, skills, productivity, preference, treatment; Correll, Bernard, Paik lab exp:moms rated less highly than non-moms/dads, offered less pay, less likely to be called back
False Consciousness
People buy into the dominant ideology of society; people are unable to see things, especially exploitation, oppression, and social relations, as they really are.
Resource Mobilization
A part of effective social movements; resources are defined as: money, people, political/media influence, etc
Social Movements
Collective efforts to bring about or resist social change; occur outside of institutions; occur due to relative deprivation
Gender Wage Gap
why?: different job experience, statistical discrimination, comparable worth discrimination; other take on wage gap is motherhood penalty
Motherhood Penalty
also referred to as the "mommy tax";
why?: differing traits, skills, productivity, preference, treatment; Correll, Bernard, Paik lab exp:moms rated less highly than non-moms/dads, offered less pay, less likely to be called back
Labeling Theory (deviance)
no act is intrinsically criminal. instead, this idea focuses on how majorities place negative labels on minorities. these labels will, through the self expectancy theory, cause those considered deviant to continue acting this way.
primary deviance
Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such.
secondary deviance
Secondary deviance is any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the institutional identification of the person as a deviant. one will resent the law and continue to do crimes seeing as he should carry out his role as a deviant.
saints and roughnecks
two groups of students at a school. they both committed crimes.

the saints were rich in cultural and social capital. in turn, they did well in school and were loved by the town. they had the recourses to take their deviance far away from home.

the roughnecks were poor and were labeled as deviants and did bad in school. they were deviant close to home so got in trouble while the saints fell under radar
differential justice
Differential justice is a theory proposed by conflict theorists stating that an individual can mitigate the consequences of deviant behavior by manipulating the justice system with a certain amount of currency O.J. Simpson is an example.
Quality and quantity differences in leisure time
men get higher quantity and quality leisure time when they get off work- women tend to have to watch the children or do minute tasks during leisure time- don't trust men to do them
Gender Perspective
Mom's do more housework and childcare (although changing)-this is just "doing gender"-buying into the social construction. if moms were to make more $ than men, gender rules out. they do it a lot less doesn't mean men have to do it more
Authority
acknowledged right of someone to supervise and control others' behavior
Power
The ability of individuals or groups to make their own interests or concerns count, even when others resist
housework trends over time
since 1965 men have been doing progressively more housework and women have been doing much less housework (due to more women in LF)
separation of work and home
work is to be done outside of the house- since more women are in the LF, they are doing much less housework.
Consequences of hegemonic social construction of family
makes them invisible; makes them more precarious (cohabitation, remarriage); policy consequences (family leave policy); but things can change (interracial, family leaves in canada and europe, gay marriage legal in some states
individualized marriage
1960's to today: both spouses working, centered around self-development, change in divorce law
companionate marriage
1900's to 1960's: separate spheres, based on affection and friendship, importance of husband (work) and wife (housework) roles
How and why are gender and health related?
women live longer but have higher prevalence of illness due to biological factors (hormones),less drinking smoking dangerous work conditions,aging=poorer health, medicalization of society (birth and beauty), women are more likely to seek treatment then men
broken windows theory
The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a well-ordered condition may prevent further vandalism as well as an escalation into more serious crime.

in fucked up neighborhoods, evidence of decay which remains in the neighborhood for a reasonably long period of time causes people who live and work in the area to feel more vulnerable and to begin to withdraw. They become less willing to intervene to maintain public order (for example, to attempt to break up groups of rowdy teens loitering on street corners) or to address physical signs of deterioration.

as a result some vandals may become bolder and intensify their harassment and vandalism. This makes residents even more fearful and less likely to participate in community upkeep.
prison industrial complex
s a term used to attribute the rapid expansion of the US inmate population owing to the political influence of private prison companies and businesses that supply goods and services to government prison agencies
why the growth in imprisonment?
this is a policy choice. we are trying to fight the war on drugs and have increased the length of prison sentences. however, this does not stop crime because criminals are more scared of rapid punishment instead of lengthy trials. this does not mean crime is going up.
why the racial difference in incarceration?
most people in jail are young black men. these people commit the most street crimes. due to discrimination and longer sentences due to the war on drugs, there are more black in jail.
does imprisonment reduce crime?
imprisonment doesn't pay for all offenders. we include for prisoners but not helping crime

diminishing returns- the more people we lock up, the less of a threat the average inmate it to society.

replacement effect- street crimes like selling drugs are part of a system where taking one dealer of the streets will result of someone taking his place.

graying of nations prisons- they are in their for so long that they are different people than when they committed the crime. not a threat anymore

deterrence effect- not swift and certain but lengthy and drawn out. criminals are not threatened by this.

imprisonment does not reduce crime
medical apartheid
unequal medical treatment- Tuskegee syphilis study (1932-1972);coercive fertility control: sterilization (mississippi appendectomy), contraception (depo and norplant)
how and why are class and health related?
morbidity and mortality; lower class= worse health; why?: living conditions, work conditions, poor diet, stress, low education, no $ for health care; poor health- worse economic outcomes (cycle)
medicalization of society
Conflict Theorist idea: growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control: expanding domain, decide who is sick/ disabled, absolute jurisdiction over health care procedures, people make $ off it
stigma
a severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are perceived to be against cultural norms. Erving Goffman defined stigma as 'the process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity" MAZ FUCK OFF
3 types: body, tribal, individual character
illness work
Illness is a lived experience (symbolic interactionist: illness work is practical and emotional implications of chronic illness;
Challenges to sense of self
obesity
due to food availability; health problems, psychological, and social issues; most of US is overweight (definition of overweight varies from race, ethnicity and class);
obesogenic enviornment
(Brownell) An obesogenic environment is typically eliciting the consumption of too much energy and discouraging physical activity.
moral panic
the obesity epidemic might be a panic- BMI over 30 is supposedly unhealthy, but in reality it might not always be. (Campos)
health
health is socially ideal, reaffirms core values?
sick role
(functionalism): illness is a dysfunctio; Parsons: not responsible for poor health, exempt from normal obligations, try to get better; physicians are gatekeepers; problems- more applicable to short term illness, differences by age, gender, class etc
replacement effect
the idea that crime is a cycle where one criminal will be replaced by another once incarcerated.
Gans' "positive functions of the undeserving poor?"
the lazy undeserving poor that rich blame for stuff actually can benefit the "better-off."

they uphold various jobs that rich would never want to do. they can also increase the confidence of the rich my comparison.
social construction of the body
social elements influence the body (what we do to it, what it does, how we understand it)

our society has an idea of what beauty and health are in terms of one's body. therefore, we strive to shape our bodies to fit that idea which is not natural.
social influences on the body
larger body size

earlier menstruation (increase in body fat causes menstruation)

sociopaths have distinct brains but their social upbringing has a lot more to do with behavior than once thought.

testosterone: things we do influence our levels of testosterone (competition, strip clubs). one's level of T does not predict an outcome but those who won have higher levels of T
understandings of the body
body constructed through discourse (spoken word)

our body symbolizes things

social constructions have consequences. (like taking the pill to avoid pregnancy). the pill causes more periods which is actually healthy.
marriage premium
for men; why?: selection, more productive after marriage, gender bias
Ogletree and Ginsburg
found that more books mention the penis and the vagina than the clitoris. therefore, it seems we have constructed the penis as the counterpart to the vagina.

why? maybe because the vagina is practically utilized to make babies while the clitoris is only used for female pleasure. this may not be information society wants young girls to here. as a result, girls don't organism much because they don't know how to use their clitoris.
exchange theory
as women make more money relative to their husbands, they get to do less housework while men have to do more. if they make more than their men, they still have to do more housework than them. the housework picked up by the men does not make up for the decrease in that of women
marriage premium
for men; why?: selection, more productive after marriage, gender bias
marriage premium
for men; why?: selection, more productive after marriage, gender bias