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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
connection between mental and physical health problems
mental health problem increases physical illness risk
David Mechanic
argued that labels like "mentally ill" and "disabled" further damage those already stigmatized and increases problems
Categorizing mental illness
- Medical model: considers those with emotional problems as sick thus not responsible for behavior. should be helped.
- Mental Illness: conceptualized by the medical model as severe emotional problems caused by brain dysfunction or intropsychic causes with little attention to systems or environmental influences
DSM classification system
- diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders, classification system that categorizes and defines various emotional disorders, put into affect by the American Psychiatric Association
DSM 5 axes
Axes 1&2: incorporate all mental disorders (such as schizophrenic and psychic disorders).
Axes 3: Incorporates physical disorders and conditions
Axes 4&5: rate the severity of the psychosocial stressors that have contributed to the disorder and the highest level of adaptive functioning that the individual has maintained
critiques argue:
1. labeling clients can negatively affect them and the way others treat them
2. reduces emphasis on environmental factors and increased attention to disorders and deficits
PIE classification system
1. social functioning - social role in which each problem is identified
2. environmental problems - the social system in which each problem is identified
3. Mental health problems - clinical syndrome, personality, and development disorders
4. physical health problems- diseases diagnosed by a physician and other health problems reported by client and others
Major difference between PIE and DSM
PIE emphasizes the interrelationship of the person and the environment. it also seeks to balance problems and strengths. PIE CANNOT be used as a basis for securing third-party payment as DSM can
Thomas Szasz
-1998, argues that there is no such thing as mental illness but only "brain diseases"
- says labeling is stigmatizing and self-fulfilling.
- mental health is fulfilled by our confidence in our abilities
- problem solving stems from biological/psychosocial , economic, and political restraints
Szsasz 3 categories of mental health problems
1. personal disabilities: depression, fears, inadequacy, and excessive anxiety
2. Antisocial acts: violent and criminal behaviors
3. Deterioration of the brain: Alzheimers, alcoholism, brain damage.
why do people like what Szasz has to say?
because it promotes healthy functioning rather than emphasizing mental illness. It is more in line with PIE classification
development of mental health problems
- heredity, biological and genetic factors
- Psychosocial developmental factors
- Social learning
- Social Stress
- Societal reactions and labeling
- collective mobilization
- systems and ecological factors
Heredity, biological, and genetic factors
- the human brain project: 1993, looking for new ways to prevent nd treat mental health disorders and promote positive mental health.
- brain imaging tech. contributed significantly
- imbalanced neural circuits in depression
- environmental factors trigger predispositions.
Psychosocial developmental factors
- erik erikson
- problems occur because of environmental experiences in childhood
Social learning
- mental health problems are result of learned behavior
Social stress factors
- based off of Szasz's work
- relationship between environment stress and mental health
societal reactions and labeling factors
- social norms single out people with issues
- self fulfilling
Collective mobilization factors
- organizations mobilize for their inclusion in educational opportunities, employment and access to social participation
Systems/ecological perspective on mental illness issues
- environmental issues aggravate
- factors that shape self concept, behavior and competence.
Depression
- leading cause of disability worldwide
- 10% of population over 18
- 12% women 7% of men
- 80% responds well to treatment
Bipolar disorder
- 2.3 mil. in US affected
- mood alternations from depression to mania
Schizophrenia
- 2 mil US citizens.
- increasingly believed to be a chemical disorder
- hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, withdrawl.
Anxiety disorders
- panic disorder
- OCD
- Post traumatic stress
- anxiety disorder
- phobias
Suicide
- mental health problem
- highest risk: white males
- lowest risk: black women
Mental and physical health risks with the homeless
20-25% qualify for serious issues
- 40% report alcohol abuse
- greater risk for TB, HIV, severe respiratory infections
Alcoholism symptoms
1. craving/urge to drink
2. physical dependency or withdrawl symptoms
3. loss of control
4. tolerance increases
commonly abused substances
- alcohol
- depressants
- narcotics
- stimulants
- hallucinogens
Social and economic costs of substance abuse
- serious public health problem in the US
- women are less likely to repeat patterns of abuse
-
at risk populations for substance abuse
- adolescents: death rate increased
- elderly: cirrhosis of the liver, loneliness
- people of color: 3x more likely
- women: 1/3 of alcoholics, less likely to seek treatment
- children: abuse and neglected
developmental disability
refers to problems such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. defined by the 1984 development disabilities assistance and bill of rights act.
Americans with disabilities act (ADA)
1990, includes people with AIDs, substance abusers, and individuals with mental disorders.
Factors associated with developmental disabilities
- hereditary and fetal developmental factors: metabolic disorders, genetic issues.
- prenatal factors: chem. and alcohol addiction and inadequate care during pregnancy, premature birth.
- Postnatal factors: infections, abuse etc.
changing views toward mental health problems. 4 revolutions.
The first revolution - from inhumane to moral treatment: 1. france, Philippe Pinel, 1793, "striking off the chains". 2. dorothea dix pushed for humane treatment in the states 3. cilfford Beers. hospitalized, relapsed, sought better treatment, kept notes of maltreatment, wrote "a mind that found itself.

The second revolution - the intro of psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud 1900's.

The Third revolution - a shift to commuity mental health programs: shift from institutions to communities called deinstitutionalization. Draft for war brought up mental issues.

The Fourth revolution - Legal rights of clients and consumer advocacy: Stickey fed. judge restricted extraordinary or potentially hazardous modes of treatment.
Post war developments in mental health
-1946 congress passed national mental health act. establishing community mental health programs for preventing and treating.
Albert Deutsch
- 1949, wrote series of exposes on mental hospitals: shame of states
National Institute of mental health NIMH
first federal entity to address mental health concerns
national association of mental health
first federal entity to address mental health concerns
Neurobiology and implications for mental health, substance abuse, and developmental abilities
- specific genes have been identified that cause diseases associated with developmental disabilities
- can lead to gene therapy and medication
-
deinstitutionalization
in 1976, mental law project visited mr. dixon who won his right to freedon in a class action lawsuit.

downside: some would function well in institutions as aposed to society
Interventions for substance abusers and their families
- AA: established by bill w. 12 step process.
- NA: narcodics anonymous
- Dual Diagnosis: addresses needs of clients who also have emotional problems.
Prevention vs. treatment. 3 preventions
1. Primary prevention: targeted at entire population.
2. secondary prevention: prevention for at risk populations
3. Tertiary prevention: prevention targeted with individual with problems to prevent them from recurring
Managed care
at the core of current debate, insurance company personnel making more treatment decision
insurance legislation
more restricted than other types of health care

- wellstone amendment: lifetime and annual dollar limits between mental health services and services for other health needs

- Mental health equitable treatment act: requires private group health insurance plans to cover mental health services.
Deficit reduction act
2006 under bush. states can offer benefit packages to medicaid.
Evolving therapies
Short term: stabalize clients and help them cope quickly with own ideas

Psychoeducatioal approaches: family involvement

Community Emphasis: one stop mental health centers

Nitt report: recovery 10 step components:
1. self direction
2. individualized and person centered
3. empowerment
4. Holistic
5. non-linear
6. strengths-based
7. peer support
8. respect
9. responsibility
10. hope