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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stratification
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unequal layering of categories in society
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Closed and open stratification
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Closed: social rank is ascribed
Open: merit describes social rank |
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Functionalist theory (Dave and More) on stratification.
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Stratification is necessary because some jobs are more important than others (and in high demand). Therefore, there must be more reward for these jobs.
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Marx on stratification
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Stratification is not necessary, it only creates a class polarization in which the large group are at the bottom and the small powerful group at the top.
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Weber on stratification
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Stratification is apparent in society. A person's market situation determines their class position.
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Neo-theories: Lenski, Wright, Parkim
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Lenski: technological base determines social inequalities -> more technology = more slice for society.
Wright: Neo-marxist -> 1) bourgeoisie 2) small employers , 3) petite bourge. Parkim: Neo-webarian -> neo-marx is Webarian in disguise -> fail to recognize stratification that doesn't come from capitalism |
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Race
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Social construct that distinguishes people by physical attributes. Its understanding is relative.
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Stratification: Race and ethnicity
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Basic hierarchical ranking of society based on race and ethnicity -> comprised of majority (dominant) and minority groups (subordinate).
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Ethnic groups
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Distinction of people by cultural or nationality characteristics. These groups share unique cultural traits, a sense of community, ethnocentrism, ascribed membership, tendency to occupy a geo-area.
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Racism(s)
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set of negative ideas that implies superiority of one social group over another.
Overt -> deliberate and highly personal attacks on race, Subliminal -> unconscious behavior that occurs when there is a conflict of values. Institutionalized -> racism embedded in rules, policy, and practices within an institution. Polite -> Attempt to hide a dislike to others. |
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Prejudice
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negative attitude based on preconceived notions of a certain group.
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Racial prejudice
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belief that racial groups are innately inferior.
Correlating behaviors: authoritarian personality (excessive conformity, intolerance, stereotypical thinking) |
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Discrimination
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actions of the dominant group members that have harmful impact on the subordinate group.
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De jure discrimination
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discrimination demonstrated in legal policy.
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De facto discrimination
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based on entrenched social customs.
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Symbolic interactionist on race and ethnicity
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One develops their racial and ethnic identity through a process of negotiation: in which they decide to accept, reject, or modify imposed labels.
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Functionalists on race and ethnicity
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Racial/ethnic groups become a part of the dominant group through a process of assimilation -> race gets accepted (structure change) and change in self-identity.
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Assimilation
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becoming absorbed by the dominant culture
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Conflict on race and ethnicity: why do groups still experience subjugation?
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Internal colonialism, split labour market theory (primary and secondary sector)
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Critical race theory
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suggests racism is an ingrained feature of society that appears to be normal. Legislation has subtle effect on the behaviour of racism.
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Gender
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a social construction of the differences between masculinity and femininity -> amplified by gender infused culture
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Gender infused culture
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maintains gender roles which are socially defined towards the gender -> defines the perception of male/female.
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Sexism
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subordination based on assumed superiority of sex
Results in gender institutions (patriarchal or matriarchal.) |
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Earning gap
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A result of overt discrimination and gender socialization.
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Gender: socialization
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Parents
Peers Schools Media |
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Functionalist on gender
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Talcott and Parsons suggest that the division of labour into instrumental tasks for men and expressive tasks for women ensures stability.
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Neoclassical-economic theory
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suggests those who make less money have no one to blame but themselves-> their situation is a result of their choices.
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Symbolic interactionists on "doing gender"
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suggests people create, maintain, and modify gender as they go.
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Sexuality
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is fundamentally a social enterprise which teaches what it means to be normal.
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Structural functionalist (Describing the context for sexual diversity)
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antagonism between gays and heterosexuals disrupts social equilibrium -> social activism are used as a tool to bring society together.
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Conflict (Describing the context for sexual diversity)
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Antagonism between gays and heterosexuals demonstrates the basic division of those with power and those without -> Gay rights movement is a struggle over power.
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sym inter on sexual orientation
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The meaning of sexuality is a social construct -> homosexuals maintain their sexuality as their master status.
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***** theory
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suggests sexuality came to have meaning as a result of labels by sex which taught us how to see ourselves.
Thus, gender is a means of securing your place in society. |
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Negative behaviors related to sexuality
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Reparative therapy
Stigmatization of being a homosexual Phobia, hate crimes, and discrimination based on sexuality. |
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Deviance
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any behavior,belief, or condition that violates cultural/societal norms.
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Crime
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intentional violation of criminal law without defense
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Mala in se
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high consensus in society that the certain crime is bad in itself and universally regarded as so.
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Mala prohibita
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low consensus in society. Those who feel the crime is bad because it is prohibited.
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Different forms of crime
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Street crimes
Occupational and corporate crime Organized crime Political crime |
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Characteristics of offenders
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Age
Gender Class Race and ethnicity |
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Informal punishments
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mild sanctions not by law
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formal punishment
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penalization by law
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Functionalist on crime and deviance
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suggests that society does not provide sufficient means to reach common cultural goals -> difference in how one may achieve them -> therefore, people do what they want to achieve these goals.
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Strain theory
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people are strained when exposed to cultural goals they cannot obtain.
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Control theory
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deviance increases when ties to society are weakened.
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Opportunity theory
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there must be an illegitimate opportunity structure in society for deviance to occur. That is to say there must be an illegitimate opportunity for cultural goals to be achieved.
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Symbolic interactionist on crime and deviance
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deviance is learned through exposure to law-breaking/law-abiding attitudes.
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Differential association theory
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deviant behavior develops when associating with individuals who favor deviance over conformity.
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Labelling theory
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deviants are so because they are labelled to be so by powerful labellers.
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Conflict on crime and deviance
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people commit crimes to survive as a result of the dominant justice system protecting their own interests.
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Feminist on crime and deviance
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Female crime is a rational response to gender discrimination they experience.
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Postmodern on crime and deviance
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Surveillance technology gives large amounts of power
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Criminal justice system.
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