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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Stratification
unequal layering of categories in society
Closed and open stratification
Closed: social rank is ascribed
Open: merit describes social rank
Functionalist theory (Dave and More) on stratification.
Stratification is necessary because some jobs are more important than others (and in high demand). Therefore, there must be more reward for these jobs.
Marx on stratification
Stratification is not necessary, it only creates a class polarization in which the large group are at the bottom and the small powerful group at the top.
Weber on stratification
Stratification is apparent in society. A person's market situation determines their class position.
Neo-theories: Lenski, Wright, Parkim
Lenski: technological base determines social inequalities -> more technology = more slice for society.

Wright: Neo-marxist -> 1) bourgeoisie 2) small employers , 3) petite bourge.

Parkim: Neo-webarian -> neo-marx is Webarian in disguise -> fail to recognize stratification that doesn't come from capitalism
Race
Social construct that distinguishes people by physical attributes. Its understanding is relative.
Stratification: Race and ethnicity
Basic hierarchical ranking of society based on race and ethnicity -> comprised of majority (dominant) and minority groups (subordinate).
Ethnic groups
Distinction of people by cultural or nationality characteristics. These groups share unique cultural traits, a sense of community, ethnocentrism, ascribed membership, tendency to occupy a geo-area.
Racism(s)
set of negative ideas that implies superiority of one social group over another.

Overt -> deliberate and highly personal attacks on race,
Subliminal -> unconscious behavior that occurs when there is a conflict of values.
Institutionalized -> racism embedded in rules, policy, and practices within an institution.
Polite -> Attempt to hide a dislike to others.
Prejudice
negative attitude based on preconceived notions of a certain group.
Racial prejudice
belief that racial groups are innately inferior.

Correlating behaviors: authoritarian personality (excessive conformity, intolerance, stereotypical thinking)
Discrimination
actions of the dominant group members that have harmful impact on the subordinate group.
De jure discrimination
discrimination demonstrated in legal policy.
De facto discrimination
based on entrenched social customs.
Symbolic interactionist on race and ethnicity
One develops their racial and ethnic identity through a process of negotiation: in which they decide to accept, reject, or modify imposed labels.
Functionalists on race and ethnicity
Racial/ethnic groups become a part of the dominant group through a process of assimilation -> race gets accepted (structure change) and change in self-identity.
Assimilation
becoming absorbed by the dominant culture
Conflict on race and ethnicity: why do groups still experience subjugation?
Internal colonialism, split labour market theory (primary and secondary sector)
Critical race theory
suggests racism is an ingrained feature of society that appears to be normal. Legislation has subtle effect on the behaviour of racism.
Gender
a social construction of the differences between masculinity and femininity -> amplified by gender infused culture
Gender infused culture
maintains gender roles which are socially defined towards the gender -> defines the perception of male/female.
Sexism
subordination based on assumed superiority of sex

Results in gender institutions (patriarchal or matriarchal.)
Earning gap
A result of overt discrimination and gender socialization.
Gender: socialization
Parents
Peers
Schools
Media
Functionalist on gender
Talcott and Parsons suggest that the division of labour into instrumental tasks for men and expressive tasks for women ensures stability.
Neoclassical-economic theory
suggests those who make less money have no one to blame but themselves-> their situation is a result of their choices.
Symbolic interactionists on "doing gender"
suggests people create, maintain, and modify gender as they go.
Sexuality
is fundamentally a social enterprise which teaches what it means to be normal.
Structural functionalist (Describing the context for sexual diversity)
antagonism between gays and heterosexuals disrupts social equilibrium -> social activism are used as a tool to bring society together.
Conflict (Describing the context for sexual diversity)
Antagonism between gays and heterosexuals demonstrates the basic division of those with power and those without -> Gay rights movement is a struggle over power.
sym inter on sexual orientation
The meaning of sexuality is a social construct -> homosexuals maintain their sexuality as their master status.
***** theory
suggests sexuality came to have meaning as a result of labels by sex which taught us how to see ourselves.

Thus, gender is a means of securing your place in society.
Negative behaviors related to sexuality
Reparative therapy
Stigmatization of being a homosexual
Phobia, hate crimes, and discrimination based on sexuality.
Deviance
any behavior,belief, or condition that violates cultural/societal norms.
Crime
intentional violation of criminal law without defense
Mala in se
high consensus in society that the certain crime is bad in itself and universally regarded as so.
Mala prohibita
low consensus in society. Those who feel the crime is bad because it is prohibited.
Different forms of crime
Street crimes
Occupational and corporate crime
Organized crime
Political crime
Characteristics of offenders
Age
Gender
Class
Race and ethnicity
Informal punishments
mild sanctions not by law
formal punishment
penalization by law
Functionalist on crime and deviance
suggests that society does not provide sufficient means to reach common cultural goals -> difference in how one may achieve them -> therefore, people do what they want to achieve these goals.
Strain theory
people are strained when exposed to cultural goals they cannot obtain.
Control theory
deviance increases when ties to society are weakened.
Opportunity theory
there must be an illegitimate opportunity structure in society for deviance to occur. That is to say there must be an illegitimate opportunity for cultural goals to be achieved.
Symbolic interactionist on crime and deviance
deviance is learned through exposure to law-breaking/law-abiding attitudes.
Differential association theory
deviant behavior develops when associating with individuals who favor deviance over conformity.
Labelling theory
deviants are so because they are labelled to be so by powerful labellers.
Conflict on crime and deviance
people commit crimes to survive as a result of the dominant justice system protecting their own interests.
Feminist on crime and deviance
Female crime is a rational response to gender discrimination they experience.
Postmodern on crime and deviance
Surveillance technology gives large amounts of power
Criminal justice system.
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