Soc Test 3

Front 1

absolute poverty

Back 1

inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence

Front 2

authority

Back 2

possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one's directives or commands

Front 3

caste system

Back 3

stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata

Front 4

colonization

Back 4

process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing contrl over a weaker country and its people

Front 5

competitive individualism

Back 5

cultura belief that those who succeed in society are those who work the hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don't work hard enough or lack necessary traits or abilities

Front 6

estate system (feudal system)

Back 6

stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have power based on noble birth

Front 7

false consciousness

Back 7

situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution

Front 8

means of production

Back 8

land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth hat form the economic basis of class societies

Front 9

middle class

Back 9

in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals

Front 10

near-poor

Back 10

individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line

Front 11

poor

Back 11

in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed

Front 12

poverty line

Back 12

amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government

Front 13

poverty rate

Back 13

percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line

Front 14

power

Back 14

th ability to affect the decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests

Front 15

prestige

Back 15

the respect and honor given to some people in society

Front 16

relative poverty

Back 16

individuals' economic position compared to the living standards of the majority in the society

Front 17

slavery

Back 17

economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others

Front 18

social class

Back 18

group of people who share a similar economic position in a society, based on their wealth and income

Front 19

social mobility

Back 19

movement of people or groups from one class to another

Front 20

socioeconomic status

Back 20

prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society

Front 21

stratification

Back 21

ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society

Front 22

upper class

Back 22

in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families

Front 23

working class

Back 23

in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income,and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers

Front 24

working poor

Back 24

employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to survive

Front 25

affirmative action

Back 25

program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome institutional racism

Front 26

colorism

Back 26

skin color prejudice within an ethnoracial group, most notably between light-skinned and dark-skinned Blacks

Front 27

discrimination

Back 27

unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex

Front 28

ethnicity

Back 28

sense of community that derives from the cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry

Front 29

institutional racism

Back 29

laws, custums, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial and ethnic inequalities in a society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws, customs, and practices have racist intentions

Front 30

panethic labels

Back 30

general terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common

Front 31

personal racism

Back 31

individual expression of racist attitudes or behaviors

Front 32

prejudice

Back 32

rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group, based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or gender

Front 33

quiet racism

Back 33

form of racism expressed subtly and indirectly through feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, and fear, which motivate avoidance rather than blatant discrimination

Front 34

race

Back 34

category of people labeled and treated as similar because of some common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes

Front 35

racial transparency

Back 35

tendency for the race of a society's majority to be so obvious, normative, and unremarkable that it becomes, for all intents and purposes, invisible

Front 36

racism

Back 36

belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior

Front 37

stereotype

Back 37

overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group