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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nonmaterial Culture
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intangible things---symbols, language, norms, values, and beliefs.
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Material Culture
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Things that humans make or adapt from the raw stuff of nature.
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Culture
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The set of ideas and things handed down from generation to generation in a particular group or society, culture is both a product of people’s actions, and a constraint on their actions.
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Artifacts
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by products of human behavior---from the Latin root meaning “made by humans”
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Symbols
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Anything that represents something else to more than one person
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Language
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An organized set of symbols.
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Gestures
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Physical acts that convey shared meanings
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Norms
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Socially accepted rules for behavior
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Folkways
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The most gentle of norms---Casual norms, where violations are not taken that seriously. Ex: Eating cereal for breakfast and pizza for dinner.
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Mores
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More important social rules, such as the norms against assault of another person
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Taboo
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Norms that are so deeply held that even the thought of violating them upsets people. Ex: Eating human flesh
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Sanctions
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Visible responses to behavior; may be positive or negative formal or informal.
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Formal Sanctions
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Official responses from specific organizations within society, such as the government, universities, or churches.
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Informal Sanctions
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Come from individuals in social groups, can vary anywhere in severity from the cold shoulder in a social group to being humiliated or laughed at.
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Positive Sanctions
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If ones behavior keeps with the norms or goes beyond what is expected, you may be rewarded with a positive sanction---may get an award or a smile.
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Negative Sanctions
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A certain response evoked after one violates a norm, severity depends on importance of the norm, can be anything from a nasty look to imprisonment, or death
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Values
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Are general or abstract ideas about what is good and desirable, as opposed to what is bad and undesirable in a society
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Beliefs
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Shared ideas about what is real
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Ideology
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Beliefs that are shaped by the self interest of some group of people
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Cultural leveling
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Occurs when different cultures come to seem alike as a result of a great deal of cultural diffusion.
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Cultural diffusion
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Process by which people of different cultures borrow elements of material or nonmaterial culture from one another.
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Subculture
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A group of people whose shared specialized values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in society.
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Counterculture
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Subculture whose values and beliefs set it not only apart from but in opposition to the dominant culture.
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Social institutions
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A set of ideas about the proper response to an important societal problem; an accepted and persisted constellation of statuses, roles, values, and norms that respond to important societal change
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Social structure
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An abstraction; made up by of statuses and attached roles
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Society
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The totality of people and social relations in a given geographic space.
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Societal needs
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What a society needs to continue and grow.
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Nature of social Institutions
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Basically everyone needs to have an idea of their place in society and their roles in order to function properly.
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Ideal type
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- A methodological strategy made famous by Max Weber. An ideal type is an “analytic construct”; it exists only in the abstract). It is created by listing only the fundamental attributes of some thing. The result is a portrait of the ideal type of thing that can be used as a standard against which to measure the thing as in the real world. Ideal types do not exist in the real world.
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Habitualized behavior
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An action that is repeated frequently and becomes cast into pattern.
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Institutionalized behavior
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The way that things MUST be done versus just the way we may do things.
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Animism
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The belief that all living beings have a life force and that people ought to live in harmony with all forms of life.
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Monotheism
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Belief in a single god or deity
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Polytheism
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Belief in more than one god or deity.
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Monogamy
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Marriage between only two people at a time.
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Polygamy
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Marriage to more than one husband or wife at a time.
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Polygyny
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Marriage between several wives and one husband
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Polyandry
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Marriage between one wife and several husbands
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Serial monogamy
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In social institutions of the US it has come to mean a monogamous marriage followed by a divorce and then another monogamous marriage and so on.
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Socialization
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Lifelong process by which people acquire cultural competency and through which society perpetuates the fundamental nature of existing social structures and institutions.
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Social self
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The values, beliefs, ideas and decision making strategies, and the general way in which people live their lives.
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Cooley—Looking Glass Self
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Cooley’s term for the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others
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Generalized other
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According to G. H. Mead, “ the attitude of the generalized other is the attitude of the whole community.”
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Agents of socialization
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Groups in which socialization takes place.
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Family
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agent of socialization that acts as ones first crack at their societal job. Children acquire language and communication, sense of right and wrong, beliefs and values, etc.
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School and the hidden curriculum
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An agent of socialization that lets a child know that there everyone is equal, they are taught to be knowledgeable in school subjects as well as foresee their future place in the social world.
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Mass media
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An agent of socialization that may teach a child about things that may not occur in their world, as well as many other things.
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Peer groups
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Groups of people of similar age who learn from each other on the basis of self comparison and contrast
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Workplace
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Socialization that is ongoing through the life of an individual. Making a career choice, for example, and then finding a job, and then adapting, learning about a role before taking it, etc.
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Mead—Play
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Term used by G. H. Mead to refer to the simple imitative behaviors of small children; role in socialization
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Mead—Games
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As used by G. H. Mead, organized activities in which activity is guided by rules and in which each individual player has a specific role to carry out; role in socialization
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Mead—I and Me
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G. H. Mead’s conception of how individuals acquire and maintain their social selves. The Me is the self as an object (as perceived to be seen by others); the I is one’s unique response to a situation
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Role taking
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Process of taking on the role of another and seeing how things look from his or her point of view; the variety of experiences one has with role taking helps generate the generalized other; the term is sometimes used in the more specialized sense to refer to the process in which children learn to see things from the perspectives of others.
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Rites of Passage
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Ceremonies or rituals that mark important transitions from status to status within the life cycle.
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Anticipatory socialization
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The process of learning about the role requirements of a particular status prior to actually acquiring that status.
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Resocialization
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- Intense socialization process that involves stripping away the individual’s existing social self and then requiring him or her to learn new roles.
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Degradation ceremonies
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Ritual used by total organizations to degrade a person’s sense of self.
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Depersonalization
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The initial phase of resocialization in which those things that indicate individual differences.
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Total Institutions
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Erving Goffman’s term for a place of “residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life”
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Manumission
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Process by which a slave is granted freedom.
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Horizontal Mobility
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Movement within a particular social stratum.
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Vertical mobility
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Movement (up and down) from one social stratum into another
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Intragenerational Mobility
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AKA career mobility has to do with the mobility with the mobility that occurs during a person’s lifetime. For example, a woman who starts her life in poverty and grows up to be a justice of the Supreme Court.
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Intergenerational mobility
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Social mobility that occurs across generations. For example, when a daughter achieves a higher social status than her father, she has experienced intergenerational mobility.
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Exogamy
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Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from outside of his or her own kinship, religious, or social class.
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Endogamy
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Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from within his or her own kinship, religious, or social class.
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Personal Discrimination
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Occurs when an individual discriminates against another individual
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Institutional Discrimination
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Involves the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operation of society.
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Isms versus other types of discrimination
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The suffix of “ism” is usually applied to acts of discrimination that occur at the institutional level, or the individual level, are consistent with institutional patterns of discrimination.
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Gender differences
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Differences that have to do with the social expectations about how males and females should act and their respective rights and duties.
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Sex Differences
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The physical and biological differences between men and women
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Matthew Effect
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The notion that people who have wealth, fame, or other scarce social goods find it easier to accumulate more of these compared to those with no wealth, fame, or social goods.
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Pygmalion Effect
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Effect of teachers’ expectations on students’ performance
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Tracking, in schools
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Process by which school children receive different education content based on their perceived aptitude.
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Prejudice
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Negative persistent judgment based on scant or incorrect information about people in a particular group; an unjustified prejudgment.
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Stereotypes
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Oversimplified generalized images of members of a particular group
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Discrimination
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Unfavorable treatment of people based on their membership in some ill favored group.
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Microsociology
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Approach to the study of society that focuses on the nature of people’s interactions within particular groups.
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Macrosociology
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Approach to the study of society that focuses on relationships between social structures and institutions rather than between individuals themselves
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Margaret Visser---From Much Depends on Dinner.
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Simple ways of life have shaped our culture. Ordinary things--Embody our mostly unspoken assumptions, and they both order our culture and determine its direction.
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Anna and Isabelle
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Anna and Isabelle were both raised in seclusion, and were neglected. Anna died after being rescued and only reached a 2 ½ yr old’s level of skill, while Isabelle, was nurtured some, and was able to catch up with her peers after rescue.
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Rene’ Spitz’ research
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She studied two types of infants-those children of women in prison, and infants raised in busy nurseries. The prison children fared better on average because while their physical conditions were met in both the prison children were nurtured more.
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Chattel slavery
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- An extreme form of slavery being a legal term for “moveable property” (like farm animals) as opposed to “real property” like land.
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Caste systems
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One’s rank in society is determined at birth-generally determine ones prestige, occupation, and residence, as well as determine that person’s social status---A completely closed system of stratification.
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Estate systems
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A mostly closed system of stratification. Acts as a person’s place in the hierarchy of the system.
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Class systems
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A system of stratification which is believed to be open, and not based on hereditary factors, and is based on achievement rather than ascribed status.
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Karl Marx’s definition of social class
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The economic system and the means by which things were produced that people needed to survive.
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Bourgeoisie (capitalists) according to Marx
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As means of production changed from agriculture to industry the landowners lost power to the shopkeepers who became factory
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Proletariat (workers) according to Marx
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working class that he named after the lowest class in Rome.
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Weber’s definition of social class
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The term class refers to any group of people who have the same typical chance for a supply of goods, external living conditions, and personal life experiences, insofar as this chance is determined by the power to dispose of goods or skills for the sake of income in a given economic order
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Power According to Weber
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It is the ability to impose one’s will or to get one’s way even when faced with opposition from others
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Prestige/status According to Weber
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the degree to which an individual has social honor.
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Power versus authority- According to Weber
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Legitimate power is called authority, and is seen as justified. Ex: police officer stops a robber.
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