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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Many people settled on the _____ peninsula as well as the many small ____.
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Peloponnesus; islands
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Most ancient Greek people were ______.
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farmers
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Which seas surround Greece? What is it centered on?
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Ionian, Aegean, Mediterranean; Aegean
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How did the geography of Greece effect the development of the early civilizations?
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it divided Greece into closely knit communities; sometimes rivalries between two communities erupted and turned into wars; sea was gateway to the outside world's people, products, and ideas
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Tell a little about some of the landforms you would find in Greece.
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rugged mountains, bays, inlets, small islands, (etc.)
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Greece has a climate similar to ______.
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California
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Farmers raised crops ____. Tell about the planting/harvesting seasons.
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year-round; spring and summer=tending vineyards and olive groves; fall=harvested grapes, olives, planted wheat and barley
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What were the two main Greek crops? Why those specific crops?
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grapes and olives; hilly terrain=ideal for grape/olive growing
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Grain was:
A) very common B) scarce at times C) steadily flowing through Greece Why? |
B; less than 1/4 of the land was flat enough for grain to grow
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Tell about earliest Greek civilization. Achievements, leader, trade, (etc.)
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on island of Crete; leader: King Minos; 2000-1400 BC called Minoan Age; developed writing system; created fine artwork; great sailors; traded with Egypt, Phoenicia, and Mesopotamia; master builders; underground plumbing; running water; capital: Knossos
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Tell about the palaces the Minoans built.
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had maze-like series of rooms centered around a courtyard; built 4,000 yrs ago, but still quite advanced
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Tell about the development and fall of the Mycenaean civilization.
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people started to settle on the mainland; started building cities on hilltops; largest was Mycenae; captured rich trade routes; established colonies; gradually became more powerful; defeated Minoans; became dominant civilization; 1400-1100 BC: Mycenaean Age; started to decline; fell to invaders; many citizens fled
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What were the Mycenaean's achievements? Who did the learn them from?
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built ships; built palaces Minoan style; adopted their writing system; the Minoans
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Who moved into the area after the Mycenaeans civilization collapsed?
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the Dorians
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What did the fall of the Mycenaeans begin?
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the Dark Age
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What did the fall of the Mycenaeans begin?
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the Dark Age
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What happened during the Dark Age?
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1100-800 BC; trade came to standstill; written language disappeared; live in isolated villages
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When did the Greeks start to write again after the Dark Age?
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800 BC using the Phoenician alphabet
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Describe the rise of city-states and some of their problems.
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population increased during Dark Age; villages grew to cities; trade grew with villages; leaders arose; as they grew, sometimes didnt have enough farmland to support people; began to fight over boundaries, (etc.); many colonists left city-states to find new ones
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The period of time when city-states flourished is often call the:
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Age of Expansion
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What is a city-state?
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a self-governing unit made up of a city and its surrounding villages and farmland
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What are some of the problems with some of the growing city-states?
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some city-states grew too large they couldn't feed everyone; food shortages caused unrest and discontent; farmers suffered; lost their land to wealthy; many sold themselves into slavery
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____ stole control from the nobles, but surprisingly they were quite popular because:
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Tyrants; they promised to reform laws, aid the poor; promoted building projects; religious festivals, and allowed people to have a say in government
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What did the tyrants contribute to the development of democracy?
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taught citizens that by uniting behind a leader, they could gain power
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Who was the tyrant that was driven out and not replaced?
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Hippias
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Did everyone like the democracy in Athens? Who? Why?
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no; some wealthy citizens thought it gave too much power to the poor citizens, but most liked system
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Describe the different aspects of Athen's government before and after 500 BC.
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council of 500 random citizens; assembly voted on laws about every 9 days; in law courts, jurors were citizens; interpreted laws and decided whether guilty or innocent; AFTER: institutions open to more people and administered more fairly; government now paid people for services (jurors, etc.); now everyone could afford to take part; most successful democracy (in Greece)
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True or false: Athens was the only Greek city-state that developed a democracy.
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False
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What were the requirements to become a citizen in Athens? (before and after 451 BC)
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1.) male
2.) over age 18 3.) father had to be citizen for the son to be one LATER CHANGED TO: 4.) father and mother's father had to be citizens |
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Name the type of Athenian people and the amount that contributes to the population. (all amounts are approximate)
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citizens (45,000/300,000)
wives and chilren (145,000/300,000) metics or forigners (35,000/300,000) slaves (75,000/300,000, or rest) |
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Tell more details about the Athenian metics.
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came from other parts of the Mediterranean; many merchants, artisans, (etc.); could not vote or hold public office
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Did Athenian women have any rights?
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no; could not own land (married or single)
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Tell details about the Athenian slaves.
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many captured during wars; could not vote or choose jobs; had to ask master before starting a family; had to do assigned jobs; got paid for work; sometimes earned enough to buy freedom
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What was the main economic activity in Athens?
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farming
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Tell about how the tenant farmer system worked in Athens.
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sometimes when a person owned too much land for them to handle, would use tenent farmers or slaves; tenant farmers would lease plots of land from owner and pay rent in crops
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Why did the Athenians stop trading using barter? What replaced it?
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as Athens became a trading center (600 BC), barter became inconvenient; silver coins
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What did the use of coins in Athens help?
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made trade easier; allowed purchase of any product; therefore spurred economy
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True or False (then explain/add details): Wealthy people in Athens would hold their wealth for only a few generations, then lost it.
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true; wealthy citizens were expected to contribute huge amounts of money to government projects; cost of government was high; after about 3 generations, lost all their wealth
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True or False (then explain/add details): Wealthy people in Athens would hold their wealth for only a few generations, then lost it.
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true; wealthy citizens were expected to contribute huge amounts of money to government projects; cost of government was high; after about 3 generations, lost all their wealth
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What was good about Athenians not holding their wealth for long periods of time?
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kept money flowing; gave work to merchants and craftsmen
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The Olympics was originally a religious festival honoring the god _____.
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Zeus
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What was the purpose of myths and legends?
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they told the role of the gods; explained natural phenomanons
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Tell about Zeus' role.
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father of the gods; rules entire world; stern, commanding and powerful; set standards of justice; made sure everyone followed them; controlled weather; punished with bolts of lightning
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The brother of Zeus, Poseidon, is the god of the ___.
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sea
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Zeus' wife, ____, is the goddess of ____.
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Hera; marriage
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VOCABULARY:
democracy |
a system of government in which people rule, either directly or through elected representatives
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VOCABULARY:
monarchy |
a system of government in which a monarch-king, queen, or emperor-is the sole and absolute ruler
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VOCABULARY:
oligarchy |
a system of government in which a few people rule
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VOCABULARY:
tyrant |
a ruler who has total power, not limited by a constitution or by other officials
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VOCABULARY:
barter |
a system of trading in which people exchange goods or services directly, without the use of money
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VOCABULARY:
ephor |
one of five elected officials who supervise the kings of ancient Sparta
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VOCABULARY:
helot |
a state slave in ancient Sparta
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VOCABULARY:
sanctuary |
a place of worship such as a church, temple, or mosque
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VOCABULARY:
tragedy |
a serious drama in which the hero is brought to defeat by a character flaw
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VOCABULARY:
comedy |
a humorous play that has a happy ending
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True or False: The gods worshiped differed from city-state to city-state.
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False; everyone worshiped Zeus and his family of gods
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During the Dark Age, written language disappeared. How do we still know Greece's early history?
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oral tradition; IMPORTANCE OF HOMER'S ODYSSEY!!! he was the 1st (or most impacting) person who wrote down anything about what Greece was like before the Dark Age, after the Dark Age
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How did the Greeks worship their gods?
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prayed to specific gods for different needs; made (animal) sacrifices before sports, long voyages, (etc.); built sanctuaries in areas of worship
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Ares, Zeus' son, was the god of ____.
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war
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____, the god of wine, was another of Zeus' sons.
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Dionysus
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Apollo was the god of: He also drove the ___ _____.
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light/health/healing/prophecy; sun chariot
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Olympia is a sanctuary to ___. Details.
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Zeus; birthplace of Olympics; thought gods liked watching games
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True or False: Delphi is a sanctuary to Hera.
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false; Apollo
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Why did some people leave their valuables at Delphi?
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site so sacred, no one would even think about robbing it
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Why is Delphi so famous?
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famous oracle; Priests interpreted predictions that were hard to understand; people often got clouded advise; people came from near or far for advise
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Tell about the story of the oracle at Delphi.
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in war against Persia; military officials sought advise; oracle said "wooden walls" would save Athens; thought this meant to build more wooden ships; these ships allowed Athenians to escape from Salasaris and defeat the Persians.
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____ is another famous sanctuary to Apollo. (HINT: also his birthplace)
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Delos
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True or False: The Olympic Games was the only athletic compitition held in honor of a god.
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false; Apollo had one, along with many others
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True or False: Eleusis was the site of the sanctuary to Demeter.
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True
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Who is the god/goddess of grain?
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Demeter
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Farmers would make annual _____ to Demeter every ____ and ____ season.
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pilgrimages; planting; harvest
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People would have special religious practices toward the goddess Demeter. What does this show?
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the importance of agriculture
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Twice a year, writers would compose plays for a special festival, dedicated to _____.
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Dionysus
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One of the most _____ contributions of the Greeks were the ____ performed at the festival for the wine god.
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lasting; plays
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____ were the most popular form of play.
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tragedies
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Tell a little about the Greek play festival.
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most told stories about gods or heroes; combined religion with entertainment; plays presented from dawn to dusk; 3 days of tragedies; 1 day for comedies; all businesses closed for it; in open-air ampitheater; city released prisoners from jail so they could watch; jury of citizens judged plays; awarded ivy crowns to winning plays
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Tell about the legend of Phidippides.
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was fastest runner in Athenian troops; ordered to run to Sparta to ask for assistance in Persian war; due to religious festival, could not come for 5-7 days; Athenian general decided to attack without assistance; attacked Persiansin Marathon; won; Phidippides ran back from battle; spread good news then dies
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Tell about the Dorians rule in Sparta.
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ruled for about 100 yrs; enslaved former inhabitants; people in nearby towns still free, but forced to serve in army; slave population a LOT > citizen population; feared uprising of slaves; built strong army; some spent all of life in military
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Tell about the Spartan government.
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began as monarchy; 2 tribes=2 leaders; gradually had 30 man senate; kings still had little more power; senators had to be > or = to 60; members elected by citizens; all citizens belonged to assembly that couldn't propose laws, only vote on them; senate and ephors proposed laws
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Why isn't the Spartan government considered a democracy?
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even if assembly voted against law, often ignored vote; power was really in hands of a few families; families dominated senate and controlled ephors
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What were the requirements to become a citizen in Sparta?
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1.) male
2.) landowner 3.) > 30 yrs |
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What occupations could Spartan men have?
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only soldiers
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The ____ around Sparta provided trade/craft items.
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people
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True or False (and add details): The Spartans tried to explore technology as much as they could, so they could relax as much as possible.
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false; led very simple lives; luxury items were forbidden for long time
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How was the Spartan land distributed?
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every citizen recieved plot of land from government; helots farmed it and received some crops as wages; gave rest of crops to owner; owner gave some to government
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A Spartan lost their citizenship if they could not pay for their _____.
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meals (government provided citizen with daily meals)
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What happened when a Spartan baby was born?
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government came to inspect it; considered unhealthy, left in cave to die; wanted only babies that would grow to strong adults
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Make a "timeline" of how a Spartan boys' life would be like.
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age 7: leave parents to live in barracks with other boys; government takes over education and controls life; training harsh; emphasized physical skills; slept on floor; wore light clothes; beaten, even if obedient
Age 18: devote time to army Age 30: completes military training; gains full citizenship; eats with soldiers no matter what (marrige) |
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Did Spartan girls get educations? Athenian girls?
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yes; thought girls had to be strong to bear healthy kids; no; learned most from mothers
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The Spartans thought _____ made boys stronger.
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hardships
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Tell a little about Spartan entertainment.
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had chorus contests at religious festivals; dance contests
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Make a "timeline" of an Athenian boys' life.
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Age 7: began school; lived at home; learned reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, music, dance; devoted some time to athletics
Age 18: joined army for 2 yrs of military training Age 20: at graduation, recieved shield and spear; joined reserve force (called to duty during war) |
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An Athenian's education continues throughout their life. Why is this statement true?
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because of rich culture; would discuss myths, gods, poetry (Homer); watched plays; (etc.)
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True or False: During the 300s BC, wealthy adults could continue schooling.
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true
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True or False: During the 300s BC, wealthy adults could continue schooling.
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true
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____ is famous for military background.
What did it's strong military background do? |
Sparta; stregnthen society
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Athens is famous for its ______ and _____.
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democracy; freedom
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Tell about Persia.
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built empire in Middle East; stretched from Egypt to Indus River; brought region under one empire/ruler; began to extend boundaries toward Greece (about 500 BC)
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Tell about the Persian War at Marathon.
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the Persians (or King Darius) wanted to punish Athens for sending aid to the struggling city-states near the border of Greece that were fighting against Persians; Athens won; Persians fled unwillingly
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Tell about the second Persian War (Xerxes).
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returned 10 yrs later after 1st war under rule of Xerxes; Persians=200,000 soldiers; Greeks=a lot less; Athenians bounded with Spartans; sent 7,000 men to guard Thermopylae (mountain pass); Greek traitor led Persians over secret path; attacked Greeks from behind; most fled to island Salamis (in the boats that the oracle talked about); about 300 Spartans saved the rest and fought to the death; Persians burned much of Athens
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Tell about the battle at Salamis.
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about 1 month after battle at Thermopylae; Greek ships clustered at island; Persians divided fleet and sent some around to cut off Greeks; these boats did not arrive in time for battle; Greeks left island; Persians sailed between a passage; Persians prepared to attack; Greeks turned around and attacked 1st; Greeks sank about 1/2 of Persian fleet
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What happened in the last Persian battle?
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at Plataea; Greeks overwhelmed Persians; defeated them
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The early Greeks traded with: How? What did this cause?
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Sicily, Black Sea (grains), Egyptians, (etc.); by sea (location); extensive contacts with advanced cultures led to spread of ideas that spurred development of Greek civilization
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