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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is status?
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a category or position a person occupties that is significant determinant of how he/she will be defined and treated
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what are norms?
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shared rules that guide people's behavior in specific situations
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what are roles?
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the norm governed behavior of a specific status
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what is patriarchy
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male dominated social structures that lead to oppression of women
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what is sexism
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the belief that status of women is inferior to males
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what is patriarchy
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male dominated social structures that lead to oppression of women
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What is the difference between sex and gender?
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Sex are the biological characteristics that distinguish male from female
gender are the social, cultural, and psychological characteristics |
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what is structural functionalism?
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it is a macro concept of gender sociololgy in which the interdepedent parts
Talcott Parsons believed that strutural functionalism could be defined by a general consensus in society that labeled men and women: insturmental vs. expressive (female) |
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what is conflict theory?
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this is seen on the macro level as well.
This concept believes that the upper classes hold power over all classes and this extends to gender They believe that private property leads to inequality (Marx believed this is what made women subordinate) |
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what is contempary conflict theory?
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the idea that there is conflict besides in class struggle
there is also conflict within race economic analysis of gender relations: when women gain economic autonomy, their power are home is strenthgted can lead to egalitarian marriage |
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what is symbolic interaction?
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more foucused on how we create gender rather than how it is
this is micro: person to person people continually modiy their behvaior duee to social interaction social construction of reality this can be reconstructed as new types of stuff goes on |
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who invented symbolic interaction of gender?
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blumer
berger leckmann |
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what is "doing gender and what concept does this relate to
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doing gender means that gender does not exist, it exists in intereatction with people and from self
gender is found in meaning assocatied with male female "it is a performance" judith butler SYMBOLIC INTERACTION |
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what is femininism?
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a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression by empowering women
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what is intersectionality also referred to?
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race/class/gender
black feminist theory multiracial femminism multiultural feminism |
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what does this describe:
instead of race or class or gender, intersection theory and analysis focuses on the social location created by interconnection of varous status |
intersectionality
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what does this describe
foucses on one only ignores mulitfacted nature of people's experiences |
intersecitonaility
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Tell me what these concepts refer to:
"color blind racial discourse" dominant discourse on race post civil rights discrimination based on skin color does not make sense under liberal ideology sees "real" person underneath skin color only depolitizes race evades power strcuture with race emphasis on social darwinism race class and gender are shaped by the systems of racism capitalism and patriarchy |
intersectionality
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What is a liberal feminist?
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mainstream most common generally what is being discussed
appeals to middle or upper classes based on liberal ideology individual rights and freedoms rationality education equal opportunity for women reformist movement as opposed to revolution |
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what is a socialist feminist?
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patriarchy is inherent in capitalism
reserve albor force ubpaid reproductive labor this is revolutionary appeals to working class they don't lie capitalism want to adopt socialist principles social aspects of estate |
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what is a radical feminist?
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sexism is at core of patriarchal society
all social institutions reflect sexm women must create institutions that are women centered collectivist revolutionary overthrow of patriarchal institutions |
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what are sex chromozomes:
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pairs that play primary role in determining whether a fertilized egg develops into male/female
XY male XX female |
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what is intersexed?
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Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose sex chromosomes, genitalia, and/or secondary sex characteristics are determined to be neither exclusively male nor female.
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what are the systems of oppression with the concept of intersectionality?
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marco level insitutions/strutures
top-down PCR institutions |
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what does this describe:
racism, patriarchy, capitalism racism and patriarch are sets of social relations that hav a material base, set of beliefs that use stereotypes to reproduce unequal and unjust power relationships |
system of oppression
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what is a matrix of domination
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a historically specific organization of power in which social groups are embedded
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what does this describe:
our race, class gender intersect and give up social location we live usually same for rest of life one aspect of identity may be more salient than others we enter life situation, with these identities sometimes these can change but more affeter than not we are in the same social locaton for the rest of our lives |
social location
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what is socialization?
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the process by which a society's values and norms, including those pertaining to gender are taught and learned
socialization is a lieftlong process |
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what is reinforcement
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In operant conditioning, reinforcement is an increase in the strength of a response following the change in environment immediately following that response.
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what is modeling
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modeling behavior is the behavior in which child copy what adults do
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what are Bem's three gender lenses?
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gender polarization
adrocentrism biological essentialism |
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what is bem's gender lense gender polarization
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not only are males and females considered fundamentally different from one another, but these differences consititue a central organizing principle for the social life of a society
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what is andocentrism
bems lense |
notion that males are superior to females
males and the male expereicen are the normative standard against which women are judged |
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what is biological essentialism
bems lenses |
rationalizes and legitimizes above lenses
portrays gender as neutral and inevitable products of inherent biological differencs between the sexes |
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How does gender produce masculine/feminis boys....give examples
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cothing
toys parent child interaction |
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what is formal cirriculum?
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teaching reading, writing and arthitmtic
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what is hidden cirriculum?
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teaches students the social, political and economic values of society implict and explicit
(teaches girls to behave "nice") |
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What is Title IX?
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forbids sex discrimination in any educational program or activyt that recieves federal funding
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Sexual harrasment
If the harrasment is directly tied to the granting or denial of a benefit or privlege, such as a course grade or the chance to work an important assignment, it is called...... harassment |
quid pro quo
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The second type of harassment involves creating........., for example, telling sexual jokes, using sexual innuedndo, spreading sexual rumors or publicly displaying sexually explicit material.
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hostile environment
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who recieves more attention in the classroom
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boys
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Special Ed is more common among elementary school boys
true or false |
true
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girls are continually rewarded for...., while boys are rewarded for ... in school
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behavior
academic performance |
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Girls are more disruptive in the classroom setting
t or f |
false
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boys get more attention in the classroom setting
true or false |
true
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boys are more often put into special education than girls
true or false |
true
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how does clothing affect gender socialization
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clothing and accessories are used to identify infant by gender, sends out message to others about how child should be treated
it encourages/discourgaes particular behavior |
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how does parent child interaction affect socialization
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parents more sensitive to girls, more restrictive to boys
parents use greater range of emotional works when talking to daughters rougher, more physical play with infant sons than daughters daughters given more help than sons |
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how do toys help socialize children?
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toys teach children particular skills and encourage them to explore tough play a variety of roles they may have as adults
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what do toys for boys encourage?
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exploration
construction invention competition aggression |
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what do toys for girls encourage
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creativity
nuturance attractiveness |
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_____________ consistently have higher rate of religiousity
why is this |
women
women are more obidient, passive, submissive than men, these traits are related to high levels of religiousity, learned vs. inherent |
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what religion does this explain
vedas and upanishads provide images of women that have been interpreted as both passive/negative |
hinduism
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what religion:
hindu ideal is that male and female are balanced, with man as creator as love, with women's sexual tendenedncies as varied and erotic as a mans |
hinduism
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what religion:
women allowed in temples, lead religious rituals |
hinduism
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what religion:
though there are a variety of images of women available, customs exemplify the domestic sphere of life |
hinduism
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what religion:
clearly defined rights and obligations for men and women women in domestic realm, expempt from religious duties men's religious duties include taking care of the home, making sure dietary rules are followed, obseving rules of modesty/family purity do not see separation of roles as uneuqal or inferior |
orthodox judaism
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what religion:
women have own religious expression, and for this they are respected in tradition by their husbands/family |
orthodox judaism
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what religion:
women can't be rabbis |
orthodox judaism
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what religion:
allowed to inherit property, can't will it may not intiate marriage |
orthodox judais,
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what religion:
only husband can get divorce |
ortho jew
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what religion:
widow cannot remarry unless witness testify to husbands death |
ortho jew
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what religion:
women have a sexual fulfillment right |
ortho jew
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what religion:
during the mentral, for 12 days the woman is impure anything touched is impure she is physically segregated from the men she can only rejoined once she has stopped menstrating and has been ritually purified |
ortho jew
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what religion:
labeled by ortho women as liberated criticized frequently regain control over sexuality rejects feminism as anti-family |
ortho jew
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what religion:
emphaizes gender equality equal and integrated roles for men and women officiating gay and lesbian accepting gay and lesbian rabbis |
reformed judaism
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what religion:
this is the opposite of ortho jew |
reformed judaism
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what religion:
middle of the road udaism appealed to euro immigrants moved away from reform women permitted to sit women encouraged to participate excluded from important parts of ritual, such as handling Torah women allowed to be rabbis gay/lesbian cannot be rabbis |
conservative judaism
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what religion:
church leaders and theologians often cite teachings of Paul when describing proper roles of mena and women |
christianity
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what religion:
according to paul, women should cover at religious gahtering |
christianity
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what religion:
teaching used to promote the subordination of women |
christianity
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what religion:
leadership in early christain movement most likely shared by women and men |
christiain
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what religion:
feminist scholars and theologians often emphize there was no evidence that jusus was sexist |
christanity
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what religion:
sex is to be avoided, only for procreation |
christianity
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what religion:
women can over attain salvation through child bearing |
christianity
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what religion:
masterbation is overindulgence |
christianity
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what religion:
today, teachins on sexuality reamin mixed homosexuality often condemned |
christ
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what religion:
celibacy for nuns prohibits artificial conception opposes aboriton objection to invitro |
catholic
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what religion:
will not ordian women |
catholic
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what religion:
women ministers increase due to lack of male priests |
christ
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what religion:
appx. # in US: 500,000 |
islam
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what religion:
7 million is the frequently cited number, but other estimates have been 1.4 to 8 million |
islam
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what religion:
quran hadith |
islam
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what religion:
women participate in ritualsl must follow five pillars of islam |
islam
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what religion:
marriage are arranged--not always the case |
islam
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what religion:
no pubic contact between men and women |
islam
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what religion:
much more lenient, in Iran and Saudi, it is against the law |
islam
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what religion:
women engoucarged to work as physicans/teachers for female institutions |
islam
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what religion:
women do not usually go into mosque |
islam
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what religion:
men cant see women when they pray |
islam
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what religion:
islamic feminists very different than US feminism |
islam
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what religion:
honor killings |
islam
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what religion:
author ignores post olonoial aspects of hijab |
islam
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what religion:
strong critique of western societies |
islam
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read pages 200-206
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do it!
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research shows that ----- spend more time on chores than husbands
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wives
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women still do twice as much housework as ----
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men
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most ---- women are employed outside the home
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married
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housework is usually viewed as ------------- no matter what other demands wives have on their hands
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womens work
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------ are more tolerant of gender inequality in their own homes than in the workplace
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men
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what is the second shift
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women earn wages during day but come home to more unpaid work
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despite the fact that housework is socially andeconomically necessary work, it is not considered real work:
why |
unspecialized
continuous no fixed schedule intertwined with love and care private sphere unpaid |
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even women in egalitarian marriages end up doing the majority of the work
t or f |
true
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in regards to caregiving , what are some advantages and disadvantages?
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women develop close bonds with children
little room for women to pursue own interest kin keepers, women link the genderation caregivers for elderly children/fathers hurt by noninvolvement due to father's work hours |
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----- % of children living with single parent homes are mother only
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82
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# of single parent inreased dramaticallly over the last ----
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three decades
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most common way to become a single parent is---
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through divorce or after break up of a domestic relationship
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prior to the industrial revolution ---- usually were awarded legal custody of children
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fathers
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what is the tender year presumption
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idea that child has to be with mother in earlier years
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what is a nuclear family?
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wife husband children
live apart from relatives financially indie from other relatives no longer provides education |
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what is blended family?
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couple who divorce and one or both parents remarry someone who has children or new couple who has children of own or both
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what is a domestic partnership?
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unmarried couple who live together
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what are chosen families?
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non family household, composed of people unrelated by ancestry, marriage, or adoption by family members
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what is a dual labor market
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one set of jobs employing exclusively men
women of education is negatively corrleated with occupational segregation |
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what is tokenism
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minority workers
shut ofut of informal social network status of tokens group is more important than determining minority status racist/sexist ideology make token experience negative |
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what is the glass ceiling/escaloator?
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male masculinty crushed if he is not in a higher position
openly gay men do not get this |
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what is the motherhood wage penalty?
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women with children make less than women without
higer discrepancy in wage for married mothers |
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what is the "Wage gap"?
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from 1960-1990 women earned 50-70% of what men earned
whites have most gender gap african americans and hispanics earn less than white the higher the educational requirements the more white men ect are going to that same job field |
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what is comparable worth
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equal pay for different jobs of simlar value
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what are structural adjustment policies?
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demanded by IMF and world bank
shrink government expedniture reduced wages for the public sector a lot of countries subsidized food saps AFFECTED WOMEN MORE: lost wages, jobs, ect |
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what is human capital theory
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belif that women choose to invenst less outside the home so therefore they make less money
HCT fails to look at structurally imposed/self imposed occupations woman's probability of working in nontraditional jobs increases with # of children they have |
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what is neo liberal economics?
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liberal economics is part of the enlightment
adam smith , wealth of nations laisez ffaire capitalism: the invisbile hand of the market the market will know what s best and will create equality milton friedmen: a government should have nohitng to do with the economy neoliberalists believe it is only way people can achieve freedom |
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what are some elements of neoliberalism?
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cuts in social spending
tax reform |
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what do these have to do with
trade liberalization open boreders to export/import liberalize foreign direct inveestment |
neoliberals
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what is neoliberalism
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Neoliberalism is a label for economic liberalism. Neoliberalism refers to a historically-specific reemergence of economic liberalism's influence among economic scholars and policy-makers during the 1970s and through at least the late-1990s, and possibly into the present (its continuity is a matter of dispute). This term also refers to a political movement in which prominent members of the American left (such as Michael Kinsley, Robert Kaus, Mickey Kaus, and Randall Rothenberg) embraced some conservative positions such as anti-unionism, free market economics, and welfare reform.[1]This term should not be confused with new liberalism.
In many respects, the term is used to denote a group of neoclassical-influenced economic theories and libertarian political philosophies which believe that government control over the economy is inefficient, corrupt or otherwise undesirable. Neoliberalism is not a unified economic theory or political philosophy — it is a label denoting an apparent shift in social-scientific and political sentiments that manifested themselves in theories and political platforms supporting a reform of largely centralized postwar economic institutions in favor of decentralized ones. Few supporters of neoliberal policies use the word itself. Neoliberal arguments gained a great deal of support after the Stagflation Crisis of the 1970s, the Developing World Debt Crisis of the 1980s (which primarily affected Latin America but was felt elsewhere[2]), and the Soviet Collapse of the early-1990s. |
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what is symbolic annihilation
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media is traditionally ignored, trivialized or condemned women non-white, lower classes, elderly, disabled, ect.
exceptions will and grace george lopez |
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what is the reflection hypothesis?
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media only gives the public what it wants/expects/demands
media analysts argue that the media hshape and create culture |
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what is hegemonic masculinity
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a # of masculinites are enatcted according to particular context and actors, the aspecst that become idealized are those linked to powerfl men
all other masculinities are rendered inadequet and inferior harms men in subordinate statue by narrowing their options to chase other enactments of masculinity |
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what is hegemony
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interests of powerful veiwed as universal interest
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what is cultural hegemony
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the production of ways of thinking and seeing of exluding alternative visions and discourses
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what is hereosexism
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people view relationships only in heterosexual terms and in doing so denigrat other sexual orientations
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what is homophobia
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feat and intolerance of homosexuals and homosexuality (bisexuality among them)
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how do nohtings of masculinty harm males
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boys distance themsleves from feeling any sympatheic order to not be called a sissy
stay at home dads belitted and suspect in masculinty emotionally physically health wise |
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what are the seven norms of masculinity
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anit feminie norm
success norm intellectual norm toughness norm aggression norm sexual prowess norm tenderness masculinty |
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explain anti feminie norm
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stigmatizes feminine characteristics and qqualities associated with those
men socialized to reject feminine lack of emotional openness hurts interpersonal relations |
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what is the success norm
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driven to succed at all costs
prestige associated with money belief jobes will be attained by women |
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what is intellectual success
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men expected to be smarter
put man's career first |
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what is the toughness norm
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must be tough, confident and self reliant
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what is the aggression nowm?
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aggression to history
leanred that turning the other cheec is bad antil scoial behaivor is single best predicator of later aggression |
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what is the sexual prowess norm
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belieef that men are sexual beings living and having heeghtened interest in sexuality
normalizes seuxal harassment reinforces that msaculinity is biological bonding acheived through male peers |
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what is tenderness masculinity
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masculinity remains subordinate to all others
emergins rather than current |
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what do news stories about women often reflect on?
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their looks
their family even more powerful women |
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how do women's magazines promote a "cult of femininity"?
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concern for one's looks
occupational success and one's love life |
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what do male magazines focus on?
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less on male and female relationships
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on tv, what do men typically talk about most?
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work
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on tv, what do women typically talk about most?
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relationships
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for male consumers in regards to sexualized advertisements, how are these created
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product and an attractive women will come to the man
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what is the sexual exploitation of women in advertisments?
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buy product in order to be attractive
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how are young children exploited sexually in advertisments?
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particularly young girls
the Lolita syndrome young girls are frequently used in advertisments |
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how are some ways that women are exploted
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the way models are posed
women are purely decorative sometimes, they have no connection to the product and are simply there to be attractive |
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how are men sexually exploited in advertisment?
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in recent years, more men have been placed in "decorative roles"
diet coke commercial study |
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what are the gendered impacts of neoliberal polcies in terms of work?
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whites least likely to be poor
unemployment rates majority in poverty are working, not unemployed near poor having an income of 125% of poverty level working poor mothers fared worse financially than mothers on welfare higher income welfare and food stamps only 2/3 of amount needed 71% of welfare money spend on unnecsaary items, latinos and black women more unlikely to spend money on the unnecessary number of single mothers in workforce increased dramatically in 1993 75% of elderly poor are women outsourcing to other countries causing women there to be exploited, getting the lowest skilled paying jobs |
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what is aquaintance rape?
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rape involving a victim who knows or is familiar with her assailant
vast majority go unreported |
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what is marital rape?
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sexual assault of one partner by the other
often accompanies other forms of family violence some stats can only change for marital rape if weapon was used or if they are not |
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what are the radical feminist arguments against porno?
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porn depersonalizes sex and objectifies women
not about sex but about the degradation of women |
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Radical Feminist, Andrea Dworkin, equates porno with _______.
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rape
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radical feminists joined with -------in the 80s to combat porno
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radical right
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what is erotica?
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erotica is what happens when women aren't being objectified
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men are more likely to committ ----
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white collared crime
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# of women are involved in ------ crime
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corporate low
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what kind of crimes do women usually commit?
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property crime
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a large portion of female property crime is ------
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shoplifting
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some argue that the war on drugs is actually a --------, particularly -----
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women
women of color |
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war on drugs emphaized more arrests, and harsher punishments
assumption that imprisioning drug offenders will dramatically decrease overall crime rate. actually, drug/crim much more multidimenionsal, gender is a--- |
important variable
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WAR ON DRUGS
women who deal drugs tend to be ---------- dealers, transactions $10 or less |
small time
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drug use is linked to --------
war on drugs |
prostitution
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why do some believee that the war on drugs is a war on women
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because the arrests of women for drug offense increased more than 59 percent between 1991 and 2000
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What are some problems with condeming rapists in marital rape?
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some states require you to be divorced
it isn't considered rape unless husband uses a weapon difficult to prove rape in a marital relaitonship also, in rape cases in general, women are often the ones who get blamed |
