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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agricultural Era
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(1870-1960s) a time when the majority of people in this country earned their livings by farming, forestry, fishing
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Industrial Era
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(1970s) - The majority of workers earned their money by making something (steel, cars, textile mills etc…)
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Post Industrial Era
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The change that occurred when the majority of workers stopped making money by the manufacturing of goods and started making goods by the service of goods.
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Who is family? What is family?
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Two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who reside together in a household.
-Can also be defined by their functional significance as a societal institution (what they do for society) or by how their members interact with each other. |
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Family of orientation
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family unit that includes one’s parents and siblings
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Family of Procreation
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family unit that includes one’s spouse and at least potentially ones child
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Patrilocal
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– live with husbands family of orientation
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Matrilocal
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live with mothers family of orientation
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Functions of Family
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economic, emotional, socialization, reproduction, regulate sexual activity (incest), assigns members to social class
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Micro-functional
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– how family serves its individual members
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Macro-functional
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how family serves society as whole
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Status
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our position is social system (single to married) – role expectations change
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Role
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The expectations of behavior in that position
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• Ascribe positions
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things you are born with (son, daughter, black white, nationality)
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• Achieved status
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things work for to enter position (religion, student, husband)
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• Script
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expectations governing the interactions of 2 or more roles
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• Social groups
o Primary groups o Secondary group |
- face to face interactions, routine, it would be involved with study one specific family, simple way to look at a family
o Primary groups – family and close friends, wont be kicked out if screw up. Have face to face contact with o Secondary group - people who have an identity that is associated with one another but not intimate. The group has a purpose and you remain a member as long as you fulfill your obligations. |
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• Family as a social system
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framework in which we interact, status, role
o a perspective that views families as living systems that respond to environmental pressures but are affected by the perceptions and motivations of individual family members. Sociologists look at how expectations and status’s in the family have changed over time • How have the roles of this family changed over time • How have expectations of behavior changed, based on roles |
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• Family as institution
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values, norms, statuses, roles, and groups that develop around basic social needs
o economic institution o religious institutions o education institutions o political institutions o mass media institutions o scientific medical institutions |
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o Macro level sociological theories
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• Structural Functionalism
• Conflict Theory • Feminist theory • Ecological Evolutionary |
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o Macro level sociological theories (list and explain)
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• Structural Functionalism – earliest approach. Family is one institution in the social structure. What does the family do to contribute to the stability of society.
• Division of labor - parts contributing to whole. • Quantitative • Conflict – Ideas changed because of Karl Marx. He said we need to focus on conflicts that exist with all groups. He believed inequality causes conflict • Generally quantitative • Feminist theory: unequal distribution of resources with an emphasis on gender • 4 common assumptions among all feminists (there are different kinds of feminists) o gender is central o gender is socially constructed o gender realtions are unequal o inequalites can be corrected with social actions • More likely to do qualitative research • Ecological Evolutionary: changes in society reflect major changes in economy, macro, modes of production |
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• pronatalism
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: brief system that encourages childbearing
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• Myths of family
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o Myth of universality : every family is the same (myth), obviously in reality this is false
o Myth of family harmony: families are either happy or unhappy (myth), few families fit into either category o Myth of parental determination : every childhood experience does not affect everything o Myth of a stable past: earlier eras when families were happier but have now decayed (myth), this is false |
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• Microlevel Theoretical Perspectives
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o Symbolic interactionism – Study socialization process with families – what is going on in a family as they are grooming children to live in society. What in families teaches you what values are important, your attitude, your plans for a family of your own…
• Research is often– qualitative research - direct observation o Social Exchange - humans are selfish and always looking to maximize what we get and minimize what we have to give, micro o Developmental frame of reference • (sometimes called life cycle or life force frame reference) • Names associated – Reuben Hill and Donald Hanson • At every stage of a family the goal is to meet the biological needs and the individual aspirations of each member of the family. o Scripting Model – • Looking at families in terms of how its members are interpreting and acting out the scripts that society places on them • Societal scripts – what does society tell us what we should be doing and how we should be doing it • Individual scripts – what we tell ourselves how to act |
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• Item 9 (labor force participation):
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higher education=higher participation of women, general increase and then slight decrease
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• Item 11 (children under 18, by family income, race/living arragement)
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all families, both parents make highest income, lowest income is black mother only, asians have highest, mother only is lowest in each category, poverty is decreasing, Hispanic mother only=highest poverty
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• Item 1( age at first marriage):
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men are always older than women but by no more than 3 years, people are generally getting married later
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• Item 2 (single=never married)
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older you are then the less common it is to be single, more people are older and single as the years go on, men are more single than women always.
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• Item 3 (cohabitation):
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more people are living together (married and unmarried)
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• explanations of gender wage gap:
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o job discrimination perspective – don’t get same jobs, salaries, raises
o human capital perspective - women bring different aspects such as hours, number of years experience, different career choices and have more home responsibilities interfere with work ( less weeks per year) |
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• danger gap:
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women do more “security work” than men, men might cause more danger with weapons and abuse
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• Factors that have affected women
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o (factors that have brought women out of house and into work force)
• Technology - improved birth control, reduced childcare= gave them more work time, labor devices to make housework easier= more time for career • Economy • Demographic influences on women’s work: increase life span=more years with work, delay of entry into marriage, more years of education= more investment in work • Shift to industrial: faster productions of goods, separate spheres, achievement not ascribed, less traditional ways of thinking • Cultural changes – women’s movement (of 70s) - no fault divorce, abortion • Changes in the economy – industrial service, increasing cost of living, Supply side – pushing out - (technology and demography) Demand side - pulling out - (cultural changes, changes in economy) |
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Changing Gender Roles
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• Instrumental role – Providing for the family in terms of money? -- MALE
o Didn’t allow female to get out of the house • Expressive role– One of the basic needs was to tend to it emotionally – Female o Over the past 50 years, women have joined the work force much more and men have played the expressive role much more in the family (although more slowly than women joining the work force) |
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o Why women want to slip into the instrumental role?
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• Women now have backup plans if they get divorce
• Women increase independence • Women increase self worth • They have more occupational prestige |
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o Why are men slower to get involved with the family?
• What is the pay of? |
• When men are programmed to be men, they are taught not to be feminine
• Men experience a loss of freedom and have trouble with the extra responsibilities • Time to bond with family • Improve relations with wife |
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• How men have pushed off the housework to do?
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o Passive resistance (disaffiliate themselves) – forget to do things, complain, say they aren’t necessary
o Substitute offering – A spouse (typically male) see the other is struggling (stressed with doing kids homework/ making dinner) he offers emotional support but doesn’t actually offer help o Selectively encouraging your wife – A man saying to a women, “nobody can iron my shirt like you do” “nobody makes dinner like you do” –-- I’d love to help but no one can do it as well as you o Reducing the need for tasks – If we are going to take turns (every other week you do the chore then I’ll do the chore) he says “this is my week but I don’t know if we have to change the sheets this week” |
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• Women’s strategies to encourage men to be involved
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o Marry a man that she has seen share work
o Nagging does not work! o Passively try to manipulate o Can become a supermom – “I’ll do it myself” o Often end up cutting back – cut back on work, or time for themselves, time for child or husband |
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• “Scripting model” know types of scripts husbands and wives play
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o mutual scripts: overtime people will compromise and come up with their own scripts together
o scripting options: complementary: assume different roles but mesh and support eachother, parallel: husband and wife are interchangeable o individual script: more specific to family you come from and education you have |
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“Trailing Spouses
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husband or wife of an income producer who relocates and finds new employment
• “Mommy track” – career path that would allow more time for families o less money o more time for family o keep career |
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• “familistic package”
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family that divides labor to accomplish more and do tasks they could not do alone (William Goode)
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• major change in peoples sexual lives –
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) The separation of sexuality from reproduction has occurred. Sexuality now has little connection to marriage and is no longer dominated by heterosexuality.
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• how are democracy and relationships related?
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Giddens) He describes a healthy relationship as a “pure relationship.” This pure relationship is a relationship based upon emotional communication. A pure relationship is democratic. People in both are equal, have equal rights and responsibilities which comes mutual respect.
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• How do death rates affect family?
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Arlene Skolnick) The duration of marriages and parent-child relationships has increased. Grandparenthood is now an expectable stage of the life course and the number of grandparents children know has increased.
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• Generation X / baby boomer study –
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o Generation X youth display higher achievement orientations than did their Baby Boomer parents
o The strength of parents influence on life choices and achievement is significant and around the same level as that of the Baby Boomers’ parents. o The negative effect of parental divorce on Generation X youth’s achievement orientations has been small. o While Generation X members’ education and career aspirations and self-esteem are higher than that of their parents and youth |
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• “family in trouble”
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o Americans now live a lot longer than before
o birth rates have declined. o The average age that Americans marry has gone up and the divorce rate increased. o Premarital sex has increased and cohabitation and the tolerance of it has increased. o The number of children living with one parent has increased. |
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• “what do women and men want?”
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o Women are determined to seek financial and emotional self-reliance, even at the expense of a committed relationship.
o Men tend to fall back on a modified traditionalism that recognizes a mother’s right and need to work but puts a man’s claim to a career first. |
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• Conservative Christian Study
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Catholics are much more accepting of women’s new rights while Conservative Protestants are not as accepting.
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• Who wrote the declaration of independence and for whom?
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Thomas Jefferson, b frank, for white men.
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Mommy wars”
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traditional mom and supermom, neither respects the other. Supermom thinks traditional is lazy and traditional thinks supermom is selfish. Both are defensive but it comes down to their ideology of intensive mothering.
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• “Opting out”-
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The two trade-offs made by women were kids versus careers and their own careers versus those of their husbands.
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• “Work/ house crunch?”
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: Working hours decline as the number of children in the household increases. Employed parents are taking steps to adjust their work schedules to make more time for the rest of life.
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• Dual earner couples who are working
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Harriet Presser) Forty percent of the American labor force works during nonstandard times.
o Almost one half of all dual-earner couples with children under five had at least one spouse who worked on Saturday or Sunday. o Nonstandard schedules add stress and marital unhappiness to many marriages. Housework expands and men begin to do more traditionally female tasks. Nonstandard schedules also negatively affect the health of many workers (sleep deprivation, stress, disorders, disease, cancer). |
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• 3 levels of script that influence our behavior
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Individual Script- expectations learned by socialization and shaped by an individual
Societal script - expectations shaped by society Mutual script - expectations developed from interactions between a couple |
