Soc Final Exam

Front 1

functionalism

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a system of parts, aim is to be effective and efficient , all about consensus , about smooth functioning

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conflict theory

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system of power , dominance and social system manipulate subordinate people , change is too quick and disorderly

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main assumptions of functionalism

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- system of order and interdependence of parts

- self- maintaining order or equilibrium

- maintains boundaries

- system tend toward self - maintenance

- gradual change

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parsons AGIL

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adaptatation, goal attainement , integration , latency

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adaptation

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system must cope with external stimuli , must adapt to its environment and adapt the environment t its needs

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goal attainement

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system must define and achieve its primary goals

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integration

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system must regulate the interrelationship of its component parts

- must manage the relationship among the other , 3 functional imperatives

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latency

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pattern maintenance

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latency

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system must furnish , maintenance , renew both the motivation of individuals and cultural patterns that create + sustain that motivation

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action system ( AGIL) handles the

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adaptation and regulates all of the system

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(a)

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behavioural organism

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(g)

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personality system

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(i)

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social system

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(L)

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cultural system

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parssons social system ( micro)

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uses status role as the basic unit of this system , status refers to the structure of the position with the system , role relates to what the actor does in relation to that position

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function of the status ( role & social system)

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must be structured to be compatible with other systems

- must have support from other systems

- must meet the needs of the majority

-must have control over members

-any conflict that arises must be controlled

-communication is requirement for its survival

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Modern social system : Society ex.

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self sufficient members of which are able to satisfy all their individuals and collective needs and to live entirely within its framwork

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Parsons ( society : as a social system ) consists of :

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economy

poltical system

fiduciary system

societal community

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Parsons ( society : as a social system ) consists of : economy

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helps society adapt through labour , production and the allocation of resources

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Parsons ( society : as a social system ) consists of : political system

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helps society attain its goals and objectives by mobilizing actors to participate

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Parsons ( society : as a social system ) consists of : fiduciary system

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helps society transmit culture ( norm values) through family structures and educational systems

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Parsons ( society : as a social system ) consists of : societal community

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help society regulate actors through rules and laws

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parsons and cultural system

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cultural stocks of knowledge and symbosl that we have about our social world , they are patented , ordered of symbols that actors make use of

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function of cultural system

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-mediates interactions between actors

- integrates the personality systems and the social system,

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parsons and personality system

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relates to how our actions and motivates are ordered

- basic component of the personality system is defined by need depositions , which are the drives that shape the social setting

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function of personality system and need disposition:

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- seek out options when our needs arent met

- internalize cultural norms

-seek approval in social relationships

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function of behavioural organisms

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drives the rest of the system forward, it is linked to parsons later work on socio-biology

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change & evolutionary theory

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as society grows it gains the ability to cope with or deal with problems associated with change

-wide variety of skills spread through the system , in order to help the system survive

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merlons middle range theory :

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developed to guide empirical investigated of higher order theories

- to be able to ground the theory in reality , so that it could be empirically verified

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tendencies in soc that merton found unacceptable :

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1: ws the radical or narrow empiricism that only looked at data w/o paying attention to theory ( statisticians)

2: abstract theorizing that scholars were engage in , theorizing that attempted to construct a total system of theories that covered all aspects

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critique for functionalism

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being teleological - reversing the order of cause and effect

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strcutralism

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looks at analyzing a person/society work of art, by breaking it down into its basic elements in order to explore how these elements are related to each other and to the whole ( seeking universal truths )

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functoionalism

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how elements work

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strucralism

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what the elements are / what they mean / represent

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critique of structuralism

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for imposing strcuture and logic onto things without sufficient empirical evidence

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fucntionaims

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looks at how the different components of a person / society reflect and contribute to the entities main purpose

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structuralism

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looks at underlying structure is what allows or cause the surface phenomenon to exist or to operate

- designed to show how elements of human culture are parts of a system of signs

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Macro structuralism

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large scale systems by examing the relations and functions of the smallest constituents of systems

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micro structrualism

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decipher the meaning of a ( text) system and to get below the surface at the centre of that meaning

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ferdinand de saussure

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theorized the inspiration for structuralism thinking ,

focused not not he speech itself , but on the underlying rules and conventions enabling language to operate

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ferdinanad

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synchronic and diachronic lingusitics

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synchronic linguistics

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study of language at a particular point in time ( static & in the movement )

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diachronic linguistics

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strudy of history or evolution of language ( changing over time )

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speech act ( parole)

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although it may appear this way , _______ is not a social event because it only occurs in isolation of that particular and unique interaction

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language ( langue)

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is a social phenomeon , is social in that is describes what is common to the collectively or the overlap that uinites the collectivtly

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a word consists of the concept (________) and the sound ( __________)

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signified and signifier

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the relationship between the signified and the signifier is

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entirely arbitrary

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the structures of meaning depend on

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binary opposties ( beautiul/ ugly)

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anthroupolical structuralism

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levi strauss

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strausss points for structuralism

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1: analysis examines unconscious infrastructures of cultural phenomenon

2: regards the element of infrastructures as relational , not as independent entities

3: focuess ( only ) on the system ( of interrelated parts )

4: generates laws that account for the underlying patterns of phenomena

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what do critical theorists do ?

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attempt to develop a mode of consciousness and cognition that breaks the identity of reality and rationalstity

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what does critical theory allow ?

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look beyond the appearnece of given social facts to the end of class , society , etc

allos to view the world in terms of potential for being changed in the future

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post strucutalism

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seen as a continuation/development of rebellion against structuralism

- a theory that critiques the theory that came before it

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deconstruction

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a post modern/ structural concept

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deconstruction

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focuses on the analysis and expositoin of assumptions , judgements and values statemetnts

-often hidden or underlie social process and arrangments

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when theorists deconstruct they:

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expose underlying assumptions in the intellectual ideas of others

- sometimes the text no link to objective reality

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michel foucault

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post strucualrism , post moernity

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michel foucault

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archaeology of knowledge , genealogy of power

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archaeology of knowledge

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searching for the set of rules that determine all of the elements in one discourse an one point in time

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genealogy go power

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how people govern themselves when they produce knowledge , in the production of knowledge are those who have the ability to govern others with the power of their knowledge

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marx

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transition of early societies

- evolution of early capitalism

- critique of economic system

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duurkiem

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defined by increasing organic soldarity

- weakienign of collective conscience

- people adrift in a meaning less world

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weber

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- expansion of formal rationality

- emergence of the iron cage

- limiting individuality and choice

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simmel

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modernist and post modernist thinker

- tragedy of culture

- gap between objective + subjective culture

- experience modernity

- to time , space and casualty y

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modernity : classical stage AIM

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to create stable , ever lasting permanent systems

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moernity : classical stage CENTRAL ISSUE

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how wealth could be distributed more evenly

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giddens

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juggernaut

- four basic institutions

-3 essential dynamic aspects

- identity and intimacy

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jugen habermas

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- unfinished project of modernity

- against post modernism

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ulrion beck

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risk society

- creating risk

- coping with risk

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baumann

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liquid modernity

- holocaust = rationality

-bureaucratic & efficeitn

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juggernaut

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engine of enormous power which as humans we can drive to some extent but also threatens to rush out of our control

- it cushess those who resist it

-soemtimes a steady path but can veer away in directions we can't see

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industrialism

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application of inmate sources of power & techniques for the transformation ex transport & communication

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coordinted adminstrative power & sureaillvence

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control of information , monitoring of the activities of subjects by states & organizations

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essential (dynamic) aspects of modernity

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1: distanction

2: dis-embedding

3: reflexivity

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distanction

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seperation of time and space , as modernity has evolved there has been less and less need to think about time in relation to place and vice versa

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disembedding

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relates to the ways in which symbolic tokens ( ex. money) and expert systems( ex. skills) , have become abstract systems

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reflexivity

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everything is open for reflection

- we should always keep a balance between our ideals

-the imagined world we hope for

- key to maintaining self is continued , persistent and all pervasive self - reflexivity

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Beck : risk society

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composed of individuals who are essentially free agents or individuals who are less constrained by the stuctures created by society

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baumann ex of rational irrationality

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claims that many of the things that seem irrational or questionable actually arise out of formal rationality and through bureaucratic means

ex. holocaust may not be seen as an abrnomal event , it was produced through a normal , rational system of events

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giddens : reflexivity and knowledge

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- shows that knowledge is temporary incomplete and contested , an approx truth

- subject to be revision

-which means there will be an increase in uncertainly ,

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reflexivity is a rational response to

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the collapse of unchallenged traditions

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unawareness

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is the antithesis of knowledge , it is ignorance or the gaps in our knowledge

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beck : politics of risk AIM

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be active , get engaged , seek knowledge, do not be passive , be political , question be aware

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unfinished project of modernity AIM

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shouldn't do away with rationality

-there is more to be done with modernity before we can begin thinking about the positibiltiy of post-modern world

- can be accomplished through successful communication

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system

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have their roots in the life world , go on become their own structures , like the family , state or ecomony

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life world

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means the shared common understandings : value that develop through face to face contacts over time in various social groups

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life world

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requires constant reaffirmation in our value commitments

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post modernity

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cultural / intellectual phenomenta , has roots in critual theory

- sully applied in philopsicap terms or by social scientists , that refer to aspects of contemporary society

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post modern theory

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reactionary theory

-focuses on the critique of basic assumptions acquired in institutions in culture in academia

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post modernity critique of positivism

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claims that there is no such thing as value free research or observation

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post modernity critique of institions and domination

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hold power of institutions and the ability to cheat dominant discourse

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post modernity critique of meta narratives and dominant discourse

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aim to be inclusive as well as more diverse in their theories as well as in their research

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habermas critique of post modernity

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- beliefs are too theoretical

- express ideological sentiments that are not transparent

- over the top , lack logic

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general critiques of post modernity

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- they cirtique but donthave solutions

-often miss the main structural issues of our time

- tend to reject subjective posiions - over look marginalized groups

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what is globalization

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- no consensus on the term

- defiitions that are available are diverse and the theories are intricate

-throues are grounded in specific social nd historical contexts exposing competing social interests

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globalization & conceptual boundareis

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1: since the dawn of history ( 5000-10000 year time frame)

2: focus on the spread and development of capitalism : 500 year frame

3: a recent phenomenon of post industralismzation : a 20-30 year frame

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globalization : 1970s and onwards

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1: emergence of a globalized economy

2: global cultural pattens & the idea of global cultures

3: global political processes & the spread of global governance

4: multidimensial moment of people

5: new integrated system of power

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functions

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observed consequences make for the adaptation of adjustment of a given system ( its working )!

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dysfunction

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negative consequence that contribute to the ill maintenance of a given system ( its not working ! but don't freak out)

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cultural

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what inivdals hold and have as a frame of reference for their hopes and aspirations , this is what guides our actions

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institutional

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norms are what allows us to regulate and control the acceptable modes of achieving these goals

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anomie

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generated by tension between the culturally accepted goals and the institutional contraints that limits our goals

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deviants

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anomie can move a society toward change via deviant agents

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equilibrium

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system is said to be in order or equilibrium in so far as theses 2 entities are in agreement

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merton modes of adaptation ( functioning dysfunctions)

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1: conformity

2: innovation

3: ritualism

4: retreatism

5: rebellion

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conformity

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acceptance of both cultural goals and acceptance means defined by institutional norms

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innovation

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acceptance of cultural goals , but such goals are attained by the use of means disapproved by institutional norms

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ritualism

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excessive conformity to legitimate means with the ignorance of cultural goals which such means are to serve

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retreatism

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passivity to both cultural goals and means approved by institutional norms , may sometimes involve the withdrawal from the system

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rebellion

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rejection of both cultural and insitionally approved means , rather there is an attempt + to establish new goals and means in place of the old ones

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manifest

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recognized functions of society , functions which people assume and expect the instiruions to fulfill

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latent

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unrecognized functions of society, unforeseen consequences of one type of institution

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manifest dysfunctions

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festival include traffic jams , closed streets , piles of garbage etc

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latent dysfunctions

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festival might include people missing work after the event to recover

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functoinalism views on inequality

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may see inequality as nessceary for the smooth running and integration of society

- who argue that the most talented people occupy the highest positions

- we cannot have consensus w/o conflict

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conflict views on inequality

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- view oppression and inequality as wrong

- say inequality should end

-cannot have conflict without consensus

- argue that dominant groups maintain power by keeping subordinate groups out

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collins principle of conflict analysis

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1: conflict theory must focus on real life expectations

2: conflict theory of stratification must focus on the material arrangements that affect interaction

3: situations of inequality there will be exploitation , we must address it

4: important to recognize that people in power , who have resources will impose their own ideas upon those who have less

5: toeless should be met with empirical observations of the social world, in equality should be studied comparatively

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flat : homogenous ( cultural convergence)

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- see a local cultural convergence

- highlights the rise of world tourism , food etc

- a one size fits all perspective

related to westernization

-local cultures tend to disappear are replced by processes associated with mcdonaliization

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round: heterogenous ( cultural diffenentialism)

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-core cultures are unaffected

-see continued cultural difference and highlight local cultural autonomy

- distinct subjective experiences of globalization

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fluid hybridity ( 2 way assimilation )

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focus on new and constantly evoling cultural forms and identities prouced by transnational processes and the fusion of distinct cultural process

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appadurai : culture & scapes : five dimensions which constantly shifting just as cultures are

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1: ethnoscapes

2" technoscapes

3: finanscapes

4: mediascapes

5: ideoscapes

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ethnoscapes

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the ever shifting landscape of persons who consistute the shifting world in which we life : tourists, immigrants , an other moving groups and persons

Persons

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technoscapes

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the global configuration , moves at high speeds across various kinds of perviousley boundaries , driven by complex relationships between money , political stuff etc of both skill and unskilled labour

Technology

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finanscapes

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the flow of capital : currency markets , stocks commodity speculations move through national turnstiles at blinding speed;

Commoditiy

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mediascapes

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distribution of electronic capabilities to produce information, now avaiible to a growing number of private and public interest

Information

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ideoscapes

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often directly political an frequently have to do with ideologies of states and the counter ideologies of movements explicitly oriented to capturing state power or piece of it

Ideologies

Power

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modernity and globalization

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1: increased Movement of goods , and info among separate areas & beyond the local

2: increased Formalization and mobile elements , influences travel and increased standards for mobility

3: increased Specialization of different segments of society , division of labor , and interdependently between areas

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Pros of globalization

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- economic benefits

- spread wealth, goods

- free movement of people and labour

- expansion of world views

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cons of globalization

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- increased global competitions

- emergence of global inequality which is associatied with brain drain or labour drama

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cultural theories of globalization have focused on :

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relgioin , nations , ethnicity

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giddens

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stable and dynamic

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giddens stable and dynamic

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globalization is the runaway world, however , democracy keeps most things stable and in place

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bauman

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space and time

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batman space and time

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space war where systems of inequality are perpetuated , winners of this space war are those who can be mobile and lives in accordance with time

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Beck

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multi dimensial globalization and globallity

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multi- dimensional globalization

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involves transnatoinal actors with varring degrees of power

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multi - dimensional globality

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expansion of geographic space has the ability to diversity and to remain stable over time and across networks

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cosmopolitian

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aims to overcome the theoretical focus on fixed space or on nations and aims to move the lens toward fluid transitional system

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postions for cosmopoltialn

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1: critique : methodoloical nationalism

2: focus on the cospolitian condidiotn

3: shift to methodologial cosmopolitanism

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critique of methodological nationalism

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can no longer assume that every nation is specific or distinct w/ cultural , political or geographic boundaries

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cosmopolitanism

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described as the conscious and voluntary choice of the elite to lead cosmopolitan lives and lifestyle

- allows us to consider the unintended and at times negative consequences of the cosmopolitan which at times is cocered

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individualism

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growing stress on individuals as opposed to mediating strcutures , like family , clan , academy

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secularization

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the loss of religious influence and religious belefs at a societal level

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social imaginaries

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- ideas help by ordinary people

-consists of images, stories , legends

- shared by a large group

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what is globalization?

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1: fast pace of social change + transformation worldwide

2: socail cahnge is realted to increasing conncecviitly among peoples and counties worldwide

3: globalization is multidimensional and its effects are universal

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push pull

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based on neoclassical , economics ; based on principles , rational choice etc between regions and countries , labour mobility

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laws of migration

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1: migrants who go long distances do so to gain access to large ( successful) industries

2: most migration is from agricultural to industrial areas

3: large towns grow more by migration than by natural population growth

4: migration increases along with the development of industry . commercee and transport

5: each migration stream proceeds a counter stream ( connections)

6: major causes of migration are economic

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macroecomonically

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migration results from the unequal distributions between labour , production , all forms of capital

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microeconomicaly

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migration is the result of decisions made by indidval /rational actors who weigh the pros and cons of moving in a cost benefit analysis

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neoliberlism and poltics

Back 150

involves a combination of the political commitment to individual liberty

- devoted to the free markets opposed to sate intervention in the market

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push factors ( emigration) : economic

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- poveryy

- lack of economic opportunity

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push factors ( emigration) : cultural/ political

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- lack of religious freedom

-corruptgovernments

-lack of opportunity

-poor education

-lack of medical care

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pull factors ( immigratoin): ecomic

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- higher standard of living

-ecomic oporutnieis

-lower cost of living

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pull factors ( immigration) : cultural/ politial

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- religious freedom

- safety/protection

-jobs

-freedom

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critiques of neo-classical migration theory

Back 155

- too economically determined

-too functional

-fails to explain why people do not move even when there are incentives to move !

- faisl to explain why some countries have larger migration rates than others

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mixed migration

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relate to as the mixed nature of migration flows , and mixed motivations in many indiduvals

ex. of why people move places

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simmel : the stranger; a social type

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the potential wander , has not moved or he has not quite overcome the freedom or coming and going

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constitutive elements of the stranger ( his migration experience )

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1: part of but apart from the group

2: has the potential to leave at any moment

3: strangers mobility is closely associated with the process of economic activity and the role he fills and because he is not an owner or soil he will always remain in a intermediary position

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the context of reception ( how he is received)

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1: he is important is his role and is received with openess

2: the longer he stsy the more ; he stands our in his reception

3: over time the feeling of uniqueness vanishes from the relationship

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stranger and his role int he process of migration

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1: stranger experiecenes nearness and remoteness at the same time

2: he is detached from the group while participating in it

3: he has a birds eye view that enables him to remain objective and to view the group he enters with some amount of detachment

4: he is not radically committed to the unique ingredients and peculiar tendencies of the group

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stranger

Back 161

potential mobility ; mix of closeness and remoteness

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marginal man

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migrant as other ( even though they are a permanent member of society )

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cosmopolitian

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privledged migrant ( tied to global cities and cultural consumption )

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transnational migrant

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migrant tied to two places ( ideas and remittances)

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migration theory considers

Back 165

the mobility of individuals ,the condition of exit & entrance

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emigration

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leaving the country of origin

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immigration

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arriving in the country of reception

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Parks stages of assimilation

Back 168

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

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Parks stages of assimilation

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Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

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Competition

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Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

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Parks stages of assimilation

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Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

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Competition

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Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 173

Conflict

Back 173

Struggle for control of other group

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Parks stages of assimilation

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Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

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Competition

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Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 176

Conflict

Back 176

Struggle for control of other group

Front 177

Accommodation

Back 177

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

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Parks stages of assimilation

Back 178

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

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Competition

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Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 180

Conflict

Back 180

Struggle for control of other group

Front 181

Accommodation

Back 181

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

Front 182

Assimilation

Back 182

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

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Parks stages of assimilation

Back 183

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

Front 184

Competition

Back 184

Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 185

Conflict

Back 185

Struggle for control of other group

Front 186

Accommodation

Back 186

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

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Assimilation

Back 187

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

Front 188

Giddens basic institutions

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Capitalism, industrialism , coordinated admin. Power and surveillance , military power / nation state

Front 189

Parks stages of assimilation

Back 189

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

Front 190

Competition

Back 190

Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 191

Conflict

Back 191

Struggle for control of other group

Front 192

Accommodation

Back 192

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

Front 193

Assimilation

Back 193

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

Front 194

Giddens basic institutions

Back 194

Capitalism, industrialism , coordinated admin. Power and surveillance , military power / nation state

Front 195

Capitalism

Back 195

System of production , wage labour etc

Front 196

Parks stages of assimilation

Back 196

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

Front 197

Competition

Back 197

Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 198

Conflict

Back 198

Struggle for control of other group

Front 199

Accommodation

Back 199

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

Front 200

Assimilation

Back 200

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

Front 201

Giddens basic institutions

Back 201

Capitalism, industrialism , coordinated admin. Power and surveillance , military power / nation state

Front 202

Capitalism

Back 202

System of production , wage labour etc

Front 203

Industrialism

Back 203

Sources of power and technique for transformation

Front 204

Parks stages of assimilation

Back 204

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

Front 205

Competition

Back 205

Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 206

Conflict

Back 206

Struggle for control of other group

Front 207

Accommodation

Back 207

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

Front 208

Assimilation

Back 208

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

Front 209

Giddens basic institutions

Back 209

Capitalism, industrialism , coordinated admin. Power and surveillance , military power / nation state

Front 210

Capitalism

Back 210

System of production , wage labour etc

Front 211

Industrialism

Back 211

Sources of power and technique for transformation

Front 212

Coordinated admin. Power and surveillance

Back 212

Control of monitoring activities by states and organizations

Front 213

Parks stages of assimilation

Back 213

Competition , conflict , accommodation , assimilation

Front 214

Competition

Back 214

Unconscious , doesn't require face to face interaction , a Becomes a conflict when they are aware of eachother

Front 215

Conflict

Back 215

Struggle for control of other group

Front 216

Accommodation

Back 216

Encourages social attitudes in groups to co exists

Front 217

Assimilation

Back 217

Person / group merging 2 or more cultures

Front 218

Giddens basic institutions

Back 218

Capitalism, industrialism , coordinated admin. Power and surveillance , military power / nation state

Front 219

Capitalism

Back 219

System of production , wage labour etc

Front 220

Industrialism

Back 220

Sources of power and technique for transformation

Front 221

Coordinated admin. Power and surveillance

Back 221

Control of monitoring activities by states and organizations

Front 222

Military power and nation state

Back 222

Means of violence in the hands of the state