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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Religion |
A unified system of beliefs and practices about sacred thing |
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Durkheim: Functionalist on Religion -Sacred |
Sacred - entities set apart & given special meaning that transcends human existence |
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Durkheim: Functionalist on Religion -Profane |
Profane - non-sacred aspect of life, i.e. Commonplace everyday |
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4 Functions of Religion -Legitimizes social arrangement |
Explains why things are the way they are |
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4 Functions of Religion - Encourages Social Unity |
-Religion is a glue that holds society together |
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4 Functions of Religion - Provides a sense of meaning |
- Meaning that transcends day-to-day life |
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4 Functions of Religion - Promotes a sense of belonging |
- Membership may provide a sense of community |
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Conflict Theory Religion |
- The ruling class uses religion to justify its advantages over the oppressed
- Religion discourages people from objecting to their lower status |
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Karl Marx: Humans create religion |
- Then become "alienated" from it
- Then except religion as a force to conform to |
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Spirit of Capitalism |
work is a moral obligation (a connection between the economy & religion) - Profits are to be reinvested |
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Protestant Ethic |
values and attitudes stressing hard work, thrift, & discipline |
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Ecclesia |
- state religion headed by religious leaders/ religious elite
- No separation between church and state |
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Denomination |
- one of several religious organizations accepted as legitimate by most society
- Membership is voluntary & competition for members is socially |
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Sect |
- Formed when member of exiting organization break away to reform the "parent" group
- Believe that some valuable beliefs or traditions were lost by parent group |
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Cult |
- Characteristics are not drawn from existing traditions within society |
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As Countries become more industrialized secularization increases (religion declines) |
As Countries become more industrialized secularization increases (religion declines) |
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Contrast between “eastern” and “western” revolves around the practice of polytheism (a god [1>god]) and monotheism (1 God) |
Contrast between “eastern” and “western” revolves around the practice of polytheism (a god [1>god]) and monotheism (1 God) |
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Hinduism (Eastern) |
Karma - spiritual, force, events happening today are due to decisions made in the past |
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Buddhism (Eastern) |
- Focuses on attaining enlightenment (state of balance) rather than pleasing gods/ godesses |
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Judaism (Western) |
- Religion of Gods law as its expressed in written scripture….(Torah) interpreted by Rabbis |
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Christianity (Western) |
- Shares Old Testament scripture
- Christ to be the savior
- Worlds largest religion w/ > 2 billion followers |
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Islam (Western) Five Pillars of Faith |
- Declaration of faith (1 God, Prophet: Muhammad) - Pray five times a day - Comment of Charity - Keep fast of Ramadan -Pilgrimage to Mecca @ least once in a lifetime
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Demography |
- Scientific study of population; encompasses all measures of population: size, distribution, age, and change |
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Formal Demography |
- Gathering, collating, analyzing population….data #’s |
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Social Demography |
The study of population patterns within a social context (social take the info from formal and apply them) |
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Demographic Transition Theory |
- Process by which populations move from HIGH birth rates and death rates to LOW birth rates and death rates |
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Zero Population Growth |
Deaths are balanced by births the population does not grow |
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Max Weber: |
Protestant Ethic - values and attitudes stressing hard work, thrift, & discipline
Spirit of Capitalism - work is a moral obligation (a connection between the economy & religion) - Profits are to be reinvested |
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Max Weber Protestant Ethic |
values and attitudes stressing hard work, thrift, & discipline |
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Max Weber Spirit of Capitalism |
work is a moral obligation (a connection between the economy & religion) - Profits are to be reinvested |
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Population Momentum |
Concept that population continues to grow because the existing population base created by past growth |
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The US population is projected to have faster population growth then other developed countries |
The US population is projected to have faster population growth then other developed countries |
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Modern, Industrial Cites |
- Major activities in the central core - Connected by sophisticated communication/ transportation networks - Outward orientation
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Preindustrial Cites |
- Major activates in central core - Upper-class near city centers - Lower class in outskirts |
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Central-City Dilemma |
Concentration of a large population in need of public services, but without $ to pay for them |
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Gentrification |
Development of low income urban areas by home-buyers, landlords, professional developers |
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4 Theories Of City Growth Concentric Zone |
- Growth and relation to distinctive zone developing outward |
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4 Theories Of City Growth Sector Theory |
- Emphasizes transportation routes in the growth process |
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4 Theories Of City Growth Multiple-Nuclei Theory |
No pattern, focuses on geographical/ historical influences |
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4 Theories Of City Growth Peripheral Theory |
Accents the growth of suburbs around central city |
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Louis Wieth |
Urban residents are more tolerant of diversity; less ethnocentric |
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Tradition Perspective of Urbanism (Tonnies) – Loss of Community - GeMeinschaft = "Community" |
- Common Values - Revolves around family; intimate |
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Tradition Perspective of Urbanism (Tonnies) – Loss of Community - GeSellschaft = "Society" |
- Self-interest - Impersonal social relationship |
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Processes that lead to social change: Discovery |
something is learned or reinterpreted (discovering oil) |
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Processes that lead to social change: Invention |
Creation of a new element by combining two or more existing elements |
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Processes that lead to social change: Diffusion |
One group borrows from another group (tech or ideas) |
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Conflict Approach to Social change |
Society is inherently unstable and social change is the result of conflicts being resolved and new power relationships being established |
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Functionalists Theory to Social change |
Society is inherently stable and social change is an attempt to reestablish order after a disturbance |
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Cultural Lag |
disequilibrium (unstable) caused by one segment of society (example: nonmaterial, norms) failing to change at the same rate as an interrelated segment (example: Technology) |
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Forms of collected behavior Rumor |
Widely circulating of questionable truth, topics of interest, but short lived |
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Forms of collected behavior Mass Hysteria |
Collective anxiety created by acceptance of false beliefs |
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Forms of collected behavior Panic |
People reacting to real threats in anxious/ self – damaging ways |
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Blumers crowd types Casual |
Least organized, least emotional -street performer |
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Blumers crowd types Conventional |
Specific purpose, accepted guidelines (sporting event) |
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Blumers crowd types Expressive |
no purpose beyond unleashing emotion (celebratory gathering) |
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Blumer's crowd types Acting |
Takes action toward a target (protest) |
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Blumers crowd types |
-Casual - least organized, least emotional
-Conventional - Specific purpose, accepted guidelines
-Expressive - no purpose beyond unleashing emotion
-Acting - Takes action toward a target (protest) |
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Mob |
Disorderly crowd ready to use destruction/ violence to achieve a specific purpose |
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Riot |
crowd destruction/ violence; lacks a common purpose |
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Contagion Theory (Behavior Within Crowds) |
Emphasizes irrationality created by participants stimulating one another more & more |
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Convergence Theory (Reason Crowds get Together) |
Crowds are formed by people who deliberately come together with others they know to be like minded |
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Aberle’s Social Movement Types |
-Revolution: Total change to society
-Reformative: Partial change to society
-Redemptive: Total change to individuals
-Alternative: Partial change to individuals |
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Aberle’s Social Movement Types Revolution |
Total change to society |
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Aberle’s Social Movement Types Reformative |
Partial change to society |
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Aberle’s Social Movement Types Redemptive |
Total change to individuals |
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Aberle’s Social Movement Types Alternative |
Partial change to individuals |
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J- Curve Theory |
Revolution is most likely when newly raised hopes/ expectations for a better life are not satisfied as rapidly (especially following a period of improvement) |
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Resource Mobilization Theory |
Successful collective action is rational & organizationally; emphasizes resources need to advance cause |
