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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The shared experiences through which people relate to one another
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Social Interaction
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The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships
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Social Structure
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The social positions we occupy relative to others
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Status
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A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
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Ascribed Status
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A social position that is within our power to charge
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Achieved Status
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A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society
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Master Status
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A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
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Social Role
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The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person
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Role Conflict
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The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations
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Role Strain
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The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
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Role Exit
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Any number of people with shared norms, values, and goals who interact with one another one a regular basis
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Group
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A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
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Primary Group
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A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
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Secondary Group
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Any group or category to which people feel they belong
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In-Group
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A group of category to which people feel they do not belong
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Out-Group
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Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
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Reference Group
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A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
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Coalition
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A series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others and, through them, indirectly to still more people
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Social Network
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A person's online representation as a character; whither in the form of a 2-D or 3-D image or simply through text
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Avatar
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An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
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Social Institution
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A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
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Bureaucracy
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An abstract model of the essential characteristics of a phenomenon
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Ideal Type
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Loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers
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Alienation
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The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems
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Trained Incapacity
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Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy
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Goal Displacement
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The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency
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Bureaucratization
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The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making, in the United States and around the world
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McDonaldization
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The principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few
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Iron Law of Oligarchy
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
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Classical Theory
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Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations
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Scientific Management Approach
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization
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Human Relations Approach
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A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members
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Geminschaft
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A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal with little commitment to the group or consensus on values
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Gesllschaft
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Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge and skills in which things unction more or less the way they always have, with minimal change
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Mechanical Solidarity
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A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
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Organic Solidarity
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A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive
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Hunting-And-Gathering Society
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A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods
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Horticultural Society
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The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow
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Agrarian Society
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A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
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Industrial Society
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A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
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Postindustrial Society
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A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society
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Postmodern Society
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