Soc 3690 Exam 1

Front 1

social differentiation

Back 1

condition where different people have distinct individual qualities and social roles; a precondition for inequality and stratification

Front 2

social resources

Back 2

what is valued and scarce, or desirable; what members of society strive for

Front 3

social inequality

Back 3

condition whereby people have unequal access to valued resources, services, and positions within a society

Front 4

social stratification

Back 4

the ranking of persons and groups in a hierarchical structure on the basis of various social, and sometimes physical, characteristics

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inequality of condition

Back 5

variations in people's actual standard of living

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inequality of opportunity

Back 6

differences in people's chances of acquiring social resources; life chances

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Kuznets curve

Back 7

Economic inequality increases over time while a country is developing, and then after a certain average income is attained, inequality begins to decrease.

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class

Back 8

economic arrangements of groups in a society

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income

Back 9

sum of all wages, salaries, and profits from goods, services, rents, investments, etc.

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wealth

Back 10

valuable resources and/or material possessions

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socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 11

an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation

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achieved status

Back 12

a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit

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ascribed status

Back 13

the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life

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conservative approach to inequality

Back 14

supportive of the status quo; inequality is inevitable, just, functional, necessary, and equitable

Front 15

radical approach to inequality

Back 15

critical of status quo; inequality is not inevitable, but unjust, unwarranted, and unnecessary

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economic class divisions in the US

Back 16

upper, middle, and lower

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primitive communal

Back 17

open stratification system based on status/honor, legitimized by tradition, and achieved

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slave system

Back 18

generally closed stratification system based on economic rank, legitimized by legal ideology, and usually ascribed

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caste system

Back 19

closed stratification system based on status/honor, legitimized by religious ideology, and ascribed

Front 20

estate/feudal system

Back 20

primarily closed stratification system based on economic rank, legitimized by legal ideology, and primarily ascribed

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class system

Back 21

primarily open stratification system based on economic and bureaucratic authority, legitimized by legal ideology, and a mix of ascribed and achieved

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Hebrew prophets

Back 22

radical pre-Christian view that denounced inequality and the accumulation of resources

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Hindu priests

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conservative pre-Christian view that social inequalities are divinely ordained

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St. Paul

Back 24

conservative Christian view that inequality is sanctioned by god and obedience to authority is necessary

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Medieval church

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conservative Christian view that inequality is necessary for a fully functioning society; society compared to a functioning human body

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Aristotle

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conservative Greek political theory that some men are born slaves and thus their submission to authority is natural and right

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Plato

Back 27

Radical advocacy of the communal ownership of property, but conservative hierarchy also necessary

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Adam Smith

Back 28

conservative Early Modern view that says the invisible hand (invisible interest is your own personal interest) will make everything even out eventually

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

Back 29

conservative/radical view that struggle over property is the basis for class inequality and class struggle

Front 30

classical republicanism

Back 30

submission to the authority of the general will of the people, guaranteeing that people won't be forced under the will of others

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historical materialism

Back 31

social change and human consciousness are directly related to economic conditions, specifically the mode of production

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means of production

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the type of technology used to produce goods

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forces of production

Back 33

labor power, means of production, raw materials of production

Front 34

social relations of production

Back 34

relations among individuals with respect to the ownership of productive forces; property relations

Front 35

mode or production

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economic base of society, made up of productive forces and the social relations production

Front 36

Marx's definition of class

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a group of individuals who share a specific relationship to the productive forces

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exploitation

Back 37

condition wherein the organization of work in any society involves relations of production that make the labor power of some individuals the property of others

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bourgeoisie

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Marx's owners of the means of production

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proletariat

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Marx's working class

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power

Back 40

According to Weber, the chance a man or number of men have to realize their own will in a communal action against the resistance of others

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social order

Back 41

the way in which social honor is distributed in a community

Front 42

Weber's definition of class

Back 42

people who share common economic interests, life chances, place in the economic order

Front 43

class situation

Back 43

typical chance for attaining material goods, living conditions (position in life), personal life experience (inner satisfaction); amount and kind of power

Front 44

class interest

Back 44

interests following with a certain probability from the class situation of the average person

Front 45

propertied class

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owning or not owning (renters vs. debtors)

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commercial class

Back 46

ability to trade or manage a market position (entrepreneurs vs. laborers)

Front 47

Weber's conceptualization of class struggle

Back 47

class action is linked to cultural and economic conditions; causes and consequences of class situation must be made obvious; need intellectual leadership for organization of class interests

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status groups

Back 48

community of people with a similar level of social honor or prestige based on lifestyle, formal education, and hereditary or occupational prestige

Front 49

status situation

Back 49

typical component of life; fate of men determined by specific social estimation of honor

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parties

Back 50

groups oriented toward the acquisition of social power, influencing communal action no matter its intent

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communal action

Back 51

recognizing you have the same interests; action which is oriented to the feeling of the actors that that belong together; united by class-based interests; groupness; based on the feeling of belonging; ex. retirement policy

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societal action

Back 52

having the same interests; oriented to be a rationally motivated adjustment of interests; based on status; solely connected to interests; ex. security reform, Tea Party

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mass action

Back 53

acting, but not in an organized fashion

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Middletown study of community life

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1924, 1935 study focused on how power operated and how inequality was produced; differences in people who considered themselves working class vs. middle class

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Yankee City study of community life

Back 55

1941 study suggesting that the idea of status plays a role in mobility, but status is not necessarily correlated with the money you make

Front 56

Davis and Moore's functional theory

Back 56

social stratification and inequality are positively functional and therefore necessary in all but the simplest societies

Front 57

Davis and Moore's definition of social inequality

Back 57

an unconsciously evolved device by which societies insure that the most important positions are filled by the most qualified people

Front 58

socioeconomic scales

Back 58

measurements of class position such as residential approach, reputational method, Duncan's Socioeconomic Index, Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position

Front 59

occupational studies of inequality

Back 59

assume occupation is a very visible form of stratification

Front 60

Davis and Moore's rewards

Back 60

sustenance and comfort, humor and diversion, self respect and ego

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Davis and Moore's motivation

Back 61

duty to perform

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Davis and Moore's determinant of rank

Back 62

qualifications are not distributed equally, therefore rewards are not distributed equally

Front 63

occupational prestige

Back 63

measure of the subjective valuations of the social standing of any occupation

Front 64

occupational status

Back 64

measures the objective socioeconomic conditions associated with holding a particular occupation

Front 65

status attainment

Back 65

the allocation of individuals into positions within the occupational or income structure as a result of both ascription and achievement

Front 66

Blau and Duncan model

Back 66

status attainment model showing that men who held high-status jobs were usually able to give their sons more years of quality education than those who didn't hold high-status jobs

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Wisconsin model

Back 67

status attainment model consisting of eight characteristics that most effectively linked socio-economic background and status attainment

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aspiration

Back 68

assessment of one's desires, abilities, and the character of opportunity structure leading to the formulation of preferences

Front 69

expectations

Back 69

aspirations that have been tempered by the realities of available opportunities and perceived capabilities

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habitus

Back 70

subjective dispositions reflect class - the way a person talks, taste in clothes, art, etc.

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culture

Back 71

works to reproduce the class structure

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economic capital

Back 72

monetary resources, assets, property, wealth, etc.

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cultural capital

Back 73

knowledge in its broadest sense; ex. education, high culture, manners, interview skills

Front 74

social capital

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mutual obligations embodied in social network; ex. recommendation from professor

Front 75

stereotype threat

Back 75

threat of being viewed through the lens of negative stereotype or fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm the stereotype

Front 76

capital

Back 76

value accumulated over time and capable of yielding future benefits

Front 77

distinction

Back 77

aesthetic dispositions are internalized at an early age and guide the young toward the behaviors that are suitable for them

Front 78

taste

Back 78

ability to differentiate among cultural objects and to appreciate them differently

Front 79

network theory of information flow

Back 79

things can be diffused to a large number of people when passed through weak ties rather than strong ones

Front 80

strength of weak ties hypothesis

Back 80

those to whom we are weakly tied are more likely to have access to information about jobs different from that which we receive

Front 81

small world study

Back 81

study that showed the linkage between strength of ties and status attainment is indirect; strength of ties depends on whether connections are to people higher in social hierarchy; weaker ties reach out vertically

Front 82

structural hole theory

Back 82

there are greater advantages to being the broker in relations between people otherwise disconnected in the social structure

Front 83

bridging tie

Back 83

any connection that allows you to jump from your circle to another network of relationships