Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
sociology
|
study of society and its features
Ex: instutions and groups |
|
|
sociology
|
human behavior in a group context
|
|
|
sociology
|
looks at the "big picture"
|
|
|
sociology
|
study of human society
|
|
|
discusses sociological imagination
|
c. w. mills
|
|
|
enables us ot grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society
|
sociological imagination
|
|
|
state of normlessness
|
anomie
|
|
|
who are the founders of sociology?
|
1. emile durkheim
2. Karl marx 3. max weber |
|
|
who created positivism?
|
comte
|
|
|
who studied suicide?
|
emile durkheim
|
|
|
who wrote suicide?
|
emile durkheim
|
|
|
founder of conflict perspective?
|
karl marx
|
|
|
believed in historical materialism
|
karl marx
|
|
|
thought that capitalists exploited workers for profit
|
karl marx
|
|
|
believed "protestant ethic" as basis for capitalism
|
max weber
|
|
|
who studied power?
|
max weber
|
|
|
who believed that idealogy is close to capitalism?
|
max weber
|
|
|
who invented "social physics" or postivism?
|
aguste comte
|
|
|
what sociological perspective that has the idea that society can be studied scientifically
|
positivism
|
|
|
what sociological perspective sees society as a set of interdependent instutions
|
functional
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes each part contributes to the whole
|
functional
|
|
|
what sociological perspective each part is dependent on eachother
|
functional
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes order is based on power
|
conflict perspective
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes those in power seek to maintain it
|
conflict perspective
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes that stability and order are temporary and that change is inevitable
|
conflict perspective
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes society itself is bad
|
conflict perspective
|
|
|
what sociological perspective believes that employers do just enough to keep workers quiet
|
conflict perspective
|
|
|
what sociological perspective says that social reality is created by members of the society
|
symbolic interaction
|
|
|
what sociological perspective says says we make the choices
|
symbolic interaction
|
|
|
what sociological perspective says society is genered and is experience differently by men and women
|
feminist theory
|
|
|
seek to obtain info about the social world that can be converted to numeric form
|
quantative methods
|
|
|
attempt to collect info about the social world that CANNOT be readily converted to numeric form
|
qualitative methods
|
|
|
scientific reasoning that is general to specific
|
deductive approach
|
|
|
scientific reasoning that is specific to general
|
inductive approach
|
|
|
constructed physical environment
ex: books, technology, fashion |
material culture
|
|
|
culture based on values, behaviors, and social norms
|
nonmaterial culture
|
|
|
rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
|
norms
|
|
|
an opinion about what is good
|
values
|
|
|
anything that represents something else
|
symbol
|
|
|
is a group united by sets of concepts, values, traits, and/or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society
|
sub-culture
|
|
|
the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
|
role
|
|
|
is the process by which individuals internalize values, beliefs, and norms of a give society
|
socialization
|
|
|
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-tp-day life; no barriers exsist between the usual sphereres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under teh same single authority
|
total institution
|
|
|
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable
|
anomie
|
|
|
all the statuses one holds simultaneously
|
status set
|
|
|
a status into which one is born; involuntary status
|
ascribed status
|
|
|
a status into which one enters; voluntary status
|
achieved status
|
|
|
Perspective on Sociology: the looking glass self
|
Charles Cooley
|
|
|
the idea that we judge our won behavior based on how we think others judge us
|
"looking glass self"
|
|
|
another term for the majority
|
in-group
|
|
|
another term for the minority
|
out-group
|
|
|
knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
|
human capital
|
|
|
cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations
|
cultural capital
|
|
|
those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
|
social control
|
|
|
informal violations of social norms
|
informal deviance
|
|
|
type of deviance: that includes minor violations or violations that are not against the law
|
informal deviance
|
|
|
type of deviance: such as crime
|
formal deviance
|
|
|
the violation of laws enacted by society
|
formal deviance
|
|
|
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the actions
|
collective actions
|
|
|
differential access to technological advances based on socioeconomic status
|
digital divide
|
|
|
the natural or bilogical differences that distinguish males from females
|
sex
|
|
|
denotes a social postion, the set of social arrangements that are built around sex
|
gender
|
|
|
refers to the desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
|
sexuality
|
|
|
occurs when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market
|
oligopoly
|
|
|
the justifiable right to excercise power
|
authority
|
|
|
the establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange
|
monetization
|
|
|
a general movement away from religiousity and spirtual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of seperation of church and state
|
secularism
|
|
|
describes hly things meant for speical use and kept seperate from the profane. the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder
|
sacred
|
|
|
describes the things of mundande, everyday life
|
profane
|
|
|
marriage from outside one's social group
|
exogamy
|
|
|
marriage from within one's social group
|
endogamy
|
|
|
religious bodies that coexsist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. The mainstream or "safe" beliefs practices relative to those of the general population
|
churches
|
|
|
high-tension organizations that don't fit in so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged-outcasts, minorities, or the poor- becaue they renounce worldy pleasure by stressing otherworldyly promises
|
sects
|
|
|
big groups of congregations that share teh same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella
|
denomination
|
|
|
groups of people that gather together especially for worship
|
congregations
|
|
|
economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
|
class system
|
|
|
religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
|
caste system
|
|
|
politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
|
estate system
|
|
|
the notion that all people are created equal in teh eyes of god
|
ontological equality
|
|
|
the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so land as the rules of the game stay fair
|
equality of opportunity
|
|
|
the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
|
equality of chance
|
|
|
a system of authority based on legal, impersonal rules; a rules a rule
|
legal-rational authority
|
|
|
authority based on appeals to the past and/or a long established way of doing things
|
traditional authority
|
|
|
authority based on the "super-natural" appeal of an indiviual leader
|
charismatic authority
|
|
|
the capitalist class
|
bourgeoise
|
|
|
the working class
|
proletariat
|
|
|
a society where status and mobility are based on individual atrributes, ability, and achievement
|
meritocracy
|
|
|
a system of beliefs and practices around sacred things, a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action
|
religion
|
|
|
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed
|
education
|
|
|
defined as a condition of deprivation de to economic circumstances; theis deprivation may be absolute or relative but it generally theought to be severe enough that the individual cannot live with dignity
|
poverty
|
|
|
social movements that seeks radical change in behavior, focused on the individual
|
redemptive social movements
|
|
|
social movements that adovcate for limited social change across an entire society
|
reformative social movement
|
|
|
social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society
|
revolutionary social movements
|
|
|
social movements that seek limited change, single issure, focused on one group
|
alterative social movements
|
|
|
what social movement: MADD
|
alterative
|
|
|
what social movement: rehab programs
|
redemptive
|
|
|
what social movement: civil rights
|
reformative
|
|
|
the judgement that of other groups by one's standard and values
|
ethocentrisim
|
|
|
taking into accountant the differences across culutures without passing judgement or assigning value
|
cultural relativism
|
|
|
authority that rests on the appeals to the past or traditions
|
traditional authority
|
|
|
level playing field same starting point for everyone. Goals may include increasing diversity and using affirmative action
|
equality of condition
|
|
|
what theory: supports traditional gender roles and believes women care for the children and men do everything else
|
stuctural functional theory
|
|
|
people that have more than one spouse
|
polygamy
|
|
|
the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
|
polygyny
|
|
|
the practice of having more than one husband at one time
|
polyandry
|
|
|
the belief that individuals unconsciously notice how others see them, and their reactions, over time, come to form the basist of their self-identity
|
labeling theory
|
|
|
negative social label that not only changes your behavior towards a perosn, but also alters that person's own self-concep and social identity
|
stigma
|
|
|
family consisting of a father, mother, and their biological children
|
nuclear
|
|
|
familial networks that extend outside or beyond the home
|
extended family
|
|
|
-same small group of individuals operate betwen corporations, military
-personally accquinated -same schools and social circles -operate behind the scences |
power elie model
c.w. mills |
|
|
what system: feudal europe and pre-civil war america
|
estate system
|
|
|
chief goal is getting people to understand that gender is an organizing princple of life
|
feminism
|
|
|
authority based on the "supernatural" appeal of an individual leader
|
charasmatic authority
|
|
|
hereditary monarchies, whereby the crown passes down through a single family
|
traditional authority
|
|
|
personal appeal of an individual leader, difficult to pass on
|
charasmatic authority
|
|
|
under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic system
|
class system
|
|
|
money may bring power but does not guarantee power will be excercised
power correlated with prestige and welath |
weber
|
|
|
what system is the u.s. today
|
class
|
|
|
founder of positivist sociology
|
emile durkhiem
|
|
|
who found that:
-giving poor money doesn't mean it will be spent on teh children -good parenting not dependent on income -rich families expose children to more opportunities |
susan meyer
|
|
|
PRWORA
|
personality responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act
|
|
|
what system: verna system in india
|
caste system
|
|
|
includes:
-professionals -small business owners -craftsmen |
petit bourgeoisie
|
|
|
this person wrote capital
|
karl marx
|
|
|
this person wrote the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
|
max weber
|
|
|
this person wrote the Feminine mystique
|
betty friedan
|
|
|
who was the first sociologist to write a research method book
|
Harriet Martineau
|
|
|
term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day
|
counterculture
|
|
|
first mass media
|
printing press/ newspapers
|
|
|
rationally, bureaucratization, and objectivity overlapping group affliation
- due to scientific knowledge, new technology, and political structures, notifion of progress |
modern
|
|
|
term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day
|
convergence theory
|
|
|
collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to behavior of others.
anonymity of crowds may play a role |
contagion theory
|
|
|
emphasizes influence of leaders in starting a behavior.
Leaders may not have existed before – they emerge in a situation |
emergent norm theory
|
|
|
this is critism of what theory:
Problem: many successful movements have been led by relatively powerless groups Involvement of elite (who have resources) often leads to demise of movement |
resource mobilitization theory
|
|
|
refers to two agricultural trends
introduction of high-yield crops in developing countries improvements in agricultural technologies such as irrigation systems, fertilizers, and pesticides. Has helped food production keep pace with population growth Has resulted in new organizations, e.g. collective farms Higher productivity enables more people to go to school. |
green revolution
|
|
|
privileges of doctors
|
Offer universally valued product—health and longevity.
limited numbers due to education, training and regulation. Professionalism – collegiality, ethics, norms, objectivity, relationship with patients Props and scripts assert power (waiting room, diagnoses, prescriptions, instructions, etc.) |
|
|
Health care reform
|
Health insurers cannot deny children health insurance because of pre-existing conditions. In effect for adults in 2014.
2. Businesses with fewer than 50 employees get tax credits covering up to 50% of employee premiums. 3. Seniors get rebate to fill gaps in Medicare drug coverage 5. Cut-off age for young adults to be covered by their parents' health insurance increased to 26. |
|
|
coleman report found:
|
that family background and peers are the most influential
|
|
|
that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories
|
sapir-whorf hypothesis
|
|
|
how immigrants assimilate: first they arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homegenous country
|
Park's Straight line assimiliation
|
|
|
Findings:
test scores improved, health improved BUT not changes in welfare, earnings |
Moving Opportunity
|
|
|
showes that who you are, where you live, how much you ear, and what you do for living plays a major role in your health
|
whitehall study
|
|
|
holds that nations develop social welfare benefits to satisfy the social needs creted by industrialiaztion
|
logic of industrialism
|
