Soc 302 Exam 1

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Sociology

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Science which aims at the interpretative understanding of social behavior in order to gain an explanation of its causes, course, and its effects

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Microsociological

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Concerned with the study of everyday behavior in situations of face-to-face interaction

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Macrosociological

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Concerned with the analysis of large-scale social systems, like the political system or the economic order

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Sociologist's Questions

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Factual, comparative, developmental, theoretical

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Factual Question

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What happened?

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Comparative Question

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Did this happen everywhere?

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Developmental Question

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Has this happened over time?

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Theoretical Question

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What underlies the phenomenon? Why does this occur? (often contested)

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Aggregates

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Individuals' accounts serve understanding collectives

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Variables

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Meaningful attributes or characteristics of persons that vary from person to person

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Sociologists test knowledge scientifically

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Both logically and empirically

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Science

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The use of systematic methods of empirical investigation, the analysis of data, theoretical thinking, and the logical assessment of arguments to develop a body of knowledge about a particular subject matter

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Sociology helps us...

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Look beyond the surface of action and study the social context in order to understand our lives

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Humans are...

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Self-aware beings who confer sense and purpose. Meaning-seeking creatures

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Scientific Method

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1. Theory
2. Operationalization
3. Observation/Analysis

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Theory

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How we believe some process works

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Operationalization

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Specifying how one intends to carry out research

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Appropriate topic for social research

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Generalized about social patterns that operate in aggregates and are empirically observable

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Research Questions

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Specific questions we ask mentally about relationships among concepts

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Problems with Research Questions

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Not empirically testable (nonscientific), general topics (not researchable), too vague/too ambitious

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Hypothesis

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Specified testable expectation about empirical reality that follows from a more general proposition or research question

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Errors in Scientific Inquiry

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Inaccurate observations, selective observations, overgeneralization, illogical reasoning

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All knowledge is...

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Partial

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Basic Research

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Advances fundamental knowledge

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Applied Research

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Addresses specific concerns or offers solutions to particular problems

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Steps in Research Process

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1. Select topic, 2. Conduct literature review, 3. Narrow topic into specific research questions, 4. Develop detailed plan of how to carry out study, 5. Gather data, 6. Analyze data, 7. Interpret data, 8. Report on process and findings

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Types of Qualitative Research

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Interviews, focus groups, ethnography

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Interview (Qualitative Research)

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Setting for purposeful interaction in which the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry and intends to discuss topics in depth with interviewee

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Focus Group

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Group of subjects interviewed together, prompting a discussion

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Ethnography

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Study that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation

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Culture

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Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next

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Values

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Principles or ideals concerning what is intrinsically desirable

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Norms

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Expectations or rules of behavior that develop from a group's values

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Sanctions

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Reactions to adhering to or breaking norms

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Cultural Scripts

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Help shape our actions as well as our words

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Subculture

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World within a larger world of the dominant culture

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Counterculture

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Occurs when a group's values and norms place it at distinct odds with the dominant culture

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To compare cultures, we need to agree on...

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Merit of values, and use of reason for arguments

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Social Structure

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Enduring patterns of norms, cognitive frameworks, behaviors, and relationships within social systems such that these constrain the behavior of actors within those social systems

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Make-up of Social Structure

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1. Involves human social relationships. 2. Patterned systems comprised of parts. 3. Temporal durability.

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Macrostructure (social structure)

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Second level structure, a pattern of relations between objects that have their own structure

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Microstructure (social structure)

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The pattern of relations between the most basic elements of social life (such as human interaction)

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Socialization

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Process of learning norms, values, and behavior patterns transmitted by social groups

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Socialization allows for...

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Social reproduction; the process by which societies have continuity

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Developmental Socialization

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Learning behavior in a social institution

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Anticipatory Socialization

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Rehearses for future position and relationships

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Cognitive Structures

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Conceptual dimensions on which we scale our experience; they allow us to compare one experience with another.

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Cognitive Structures render...

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Events or occurrences meaningful, organize experience, and guide action

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Cognitive Development

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Involves change in how a person knows, thinks, and believes. 4 stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

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Resocialization

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Learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match a new situation in life

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Cognitive Restructuring

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New problem is presented that requires organizing principles at a higher level of conceptual complexity, thus a new organization of cognitive structures are created

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What does it mean to be human?

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Social interaction makes us persons