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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Race |
A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important |
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Race continued |
The meaning and importance varies from place to place and over time
Societies use racial categories to rank people in a hierarchy, giving some people more money, power, and prestige than others |
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Race in the past |
Scientists created three broad categories, but there are no biologically pure races
Caucasoids Mongoloids Negroids
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Ethnicity |
A shared cultural heritage
Socially constructed categories based on cultural traits a society defines as important |
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Ethnicity continued |
Reflects common ancestors, language, and religion
Importance varies from place to place and over time
People choose to play it up or play it down
Societies may or may not set categories of people apart based on differences in ethnicity |
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Minority |
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and some subordinates
People of various racial and ethnic categories who are visually distinctive and disadvantage by a society |
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Prejudice |
A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people |
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The social distance scale is |
One measure of prejudice |
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Stereotype |
A simplified description applied to every person in some category
Exaggerated
Type of prejudice |
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Racism |
The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
Destructive
Type of prejudice |
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Scapegoat |
A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blamed for their own troubles |
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Scapegoat theory |
Theory of prejudice
Claims that prejudice results from frustration among people who are disadvantaged |
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Authoritarian personality theory |
Theory of prejudice
Adorno
Claims that prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents
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Culture theory |
Theory of prejudice
Bogardus
Claims that prejudice is rooted in culture; we learn to feel greater social distance from some categories of people |
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Conflict theory |
Theory of prejudice
Claims that prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to divide and control the population |
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Discrimination |
Unequal treatment of various categories of people
Actions by which a person treats various categories of people unequally |
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Prejudice refers to attitudes
Discrimination involves actions |
Prejudice refers to attitudes
Discrimination involves actions |
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Institutional prejudice and discrimination |
Bias built into the operation of societies institutions
Includes schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace |
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Prejudice and discrimination |
Perpetuate themselves in a vicious circle, resulting in social disadvantage that fuels additional prejudice and discrimination |
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Pluralism |
A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing |
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US society and pluralism |
US society is pluralistic in that all people in the United States, regardless of race or ethnicity, have equal standing under the law
US society is not a pluralistic in that all racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing |
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Assimilation |
The process by which minorities gradually adapt patterns of the dominant culture |
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Assimilation continued |
Involves changes in dress, language, religion, values, and friends
Strategy to escape prejudice and discrimination and to achieve upward social mobility
Some categories of people have assimilated more than others |
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Miscegenation |
Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories |
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Segregation |
The physical and social separation of categories of people |
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Segregation continued |
Some voluntary (Amish)
Majorities usually segregate minorities by excluding them from neighborhoods, schools, and occupations
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De jure segregation |
Segregation by law |
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De facto segregation |
Describes settings that contain only people of one category |
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Hypersegregation |
Having little social contact with people beyond the local community |
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Genocide |
The systematic killing of one category of people by another |
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Historical examples of genocide |
The extermination of Jews by the Nazis
The killing of western learning people in Cambodia by Pol Pot |
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Recent examples of genocide |
Hutus killing Tutsis in the African nation of Rwanda
Serbs killing Bosnians in the Balkans of eastern Europe
Systematic killing in the Darfur region of Sudan |
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Native Americans |
The earliest human inhabitants of the Americas
Have endured genocide, segregation, and forced assimilation
The social standing of Native Americans is well below the national average today |
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White Angelo saxon protestants (WASPs) |
Most of the original European settlers of the US
Many continue to enjoy high social position today |
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African-Americans |
Experienced more than two centuries of slavery
Emancipation in 1965 Gave Way to segregation by law (Jim crow laws)
In the 1950s and 1960s, a national civil rights movement resulted in legislation that outlawed segregated schools and overt discrimination in employment and public accommodations
Today, despite legal equality, African-Americans are still disadvantaged |
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Asian-Americans |
Suffered both racial and ethnic hostility
Some prejudice and discrimination continue, but both Chinese and Japanese Americans now have above average income and schooling
Asian immigrants, especially Koreans, Indians and Filipinos, now account for more than one third of all immigration to the US |
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Arab Americans |
A growing US minority
Came to the United States from so many different nations
Culturally diverse population
Represented in all social classes
Target of prejudice and hate crimes in recent years as a result of a stereotype that links all Arab Americans with terrorism |
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Hispanic Americans/Latinos |
Largest US minority
Many ethnicities sharing a Spanish heritage
Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic minority, are concentrated in the southwest region of the country and are the poorest Hispanic category
Cubans, concentrated in Miami, are the most affluent Hispanic category |
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White ethnic Americans |
Non-WASPs
Ancestors emigrated from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries
Many white ethnics formed supportive residential enclaves in response to prejudice and discrimination |
