Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Gender: |
The personal traits and life chances that a society links to being female or male |
|
|
What is Sex?
|
The biological distinction between males and females. |
|
|
Gender is a social construction that shapes the entire lives of women and men, affecting what 3 things?
|
1)The amount of schooling they receive
2)The kind of work they do 3) and how much money they will earn |
|
|
All societies define men and women as different types of people, in the processes creating ___________________. |
Gender Inequality
|
|
|
What is Gender Stratification?
|
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women. |
|
|
What does "Rule by fathers" refer to?
|
Patriarchy |
|
|
What is Patriarchy?
|
A social pattern in which males dominate females |
|
|
What is Matriarchy?
|
A social pattern in which females dominate males |
|
|
Patriarchy and Matriarchy are both dimensions under ______________________? |
Gender Stratification |
|
|
Are women living in poor countries more advantaged or more disadvantaged compared to those living in high-income nations? |
Women are more disadvantaged when living in poor countries |
|
|
What are some theories that try to explain patriarchy?
|
-Men's greater body size and strength
-Brain power -Greater aggressiveness |
|
|
What do sociologists reject/believe about patriarchy and all the behaviors linked to gender?
|
Sociologist reject the idea that any behavior is "hard-wired" into human biology. |
|
|
What is sexism?
|
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
|
|
|
What are familiar stereotypes for women and men?
|
Women- dependent, sensitive, and emotional
Men- independent, rational, and competitive |
|
|
Gender stereotypes divide humanity by constructing ______________ and _____________ in opposing terms.
|
Femininity and masculinity
|
|
|
Sexism involves not just individual attitudes but also the operation of ____________________.
Male superiority is built into what main 3 things? |
Social Institutions
- Male superiority is built into the operation of the workplace, our political system, and even religious life |
|
|
What is female infanticide?
|
The killing of an unwelcome newborn girl |
|
|
How many television sets are in the U.S. and what is the average amount of time people watch television per day?
|
250 million television sets in the U.S.
-People watch tv on an average of 3 hours per day |
|
|
What are some messages about gender on TV?
|
TV directs its advertising toward women but ignores them in TV programming (such as starring roles) |
|
|
In 2009, what percent of state legislatures were women?
And ________ of the fifty state governors were women? |
24% of state legislatures were women
and 8 of the 50 state governors were women |
|
|
______ in ______ women are in the workforce (% as well)
|
3 in 5, 60 % |
|
|
________% of married women with children under age six work
|
60% |
|
|
________% of married women with children 6 to 17 years old work
|
73%
|
|
|
What does the "glass ceiling refer to?"
|
Subtle forms of gender discrimination which blocks the movement of women into the highest positions in organizations |
|
|
Violence against women:
The U.S. government estimates that about 1.7 million ____________ assaults against women take place each year, with and additional 304,000 ________________ assaults and 237,000 _______________ assaults |
Physical assaults
Aggravated (Serious) assaults Sexual assaults (Including rape and and attempted rape) |
|
|
considering statistics on violence, what is the most dangerous place for women?
|
A well-lit home (Not a dark alley-way)
|
|
|
What is sexual harassment?
|
Refers to unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature |
|
|
What is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment
|
A persons blatant and direct requests: such as a professor pressuring a student for sex, threatening a poor grade if she refuses. (The Latin words mean "One thing in return for another").
-Or, a persons requests for sexual favors to an employee or other subordinate as a condition for an employees promotion. ......using authority by telling someone they have to do something to get what they want |
|
|
what is intersection theory?
|
Analysis of how race, class,and gender interact, often creating multiple disadvantages for some categories of people |
|
|
This theory believes that gender is not a problem and that it is helpful to the orderly operation of society.
-As explained by Parsons, gender involves complementary patterns of thought and action on the part of women and men that help tie society together |
Structural-Functional Approach
|
|
|
This theory believes that gender is a problem from an individuals point of view. Gender may or may not be a problem; gender is a basic element of the social reality we experience every day.
-Gender is a system of meaning that shapes the everyday lives of women and men; how we interact with others, how we make use of space, and even our language reflect gender. |
Symbolic-Interaction Approach
|
|
|
This theory believes that gender is a problem, especially for women who are disadvantaged by a system that gives wealth and power to men
-Gender is a dimension of social stratification that benefits men at the expense of women. Engels explained that patriarchy arose to enable wealthy men to pass property on to their sons and to help all men work outside the home |
Social-Conflict Theory |
|
|
What is feminism?
|
The study of gender with the goal of changing society to make women and men equal. Feminism involves both theory and action. |
|
|
What is the radical-left view of gender inequality?
|
Change the system |
|
|
What is liberals view of gender inequality?
|
The pursuit of equality |
|
|
What is conservatives view of gender inequality?
|
The values of family |
|
|
Feminism is an important ______________________ approach in sociology.
|
social-conflict approach
|
|
|
_______ feminism seeks solutions through legislation. G.I produced by unequal access to civil rights and social resources, such as education and employment based on sex. |
Liberal
|
|
|
_______ feminism links gender equality to broader class revolution, following marxist principles |
Socialist |
|
|
_______ feminism end inequality by overthrowing patriarchy (challenging authority) structural solution. G.I is a result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life. |
Radical |
|
|
Hegemonic:
|
Narrow representation of women
(The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others) |
|
|
What is "the second shift"?
|
Expectation that women do not just work one shift
(Labor force+ Child care + Household work) -Reproductive labor that women are expected to complete as well as domestic work- This is devalued and unpaid work |
|
|
What does FIRE stand for?
|
Fighting ignorance and rape through education
|
|
|
Rape Supportive Environment:
|
Any space where dehumanization occurs and goes unchallenged (Victim blaming, myths about rape, jocks within society)
|
|
|
Rape:
|
Non-consensual penetration of any body cavity with an object
|
|
|
____ in _____ women will experience rape or attempted rape in their life
_____ in _____ men will be sexually assaulted |
1/4
1/7 |
|
|
What % of sexual assault occurs while drinking?
|
80-90 %
|
|
|
True or False: A person does not have to struggle, or even say "no" to constitute rape
|
True (Some people freeze and cannot say or do anything)
|
|
|
Consent:
|
A voluntary, sober, imaginative, enthusiastic, creative, informed, mutual, honest, and verbal agreement\
-Presence of "Yes" -Must be an active agreement and cannot be coerced |
|
|
What is the first stage in the continuum of violence?
|
Dehumanization
|
|
|
what is Dehumanization?
|
to treat (someone) as though he or she is not a human being
|
|
|
Collusion:
|
Agreeing in our silence, not speaking up
|
|
|
Norms:
|
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
|
|
Law:
|
A norm formally created through a society's political system |
|
|
Crime:
|
The violation of a criminal law enacted by federal, state, or local government
|
|
|
Misdemeanor:
|
A less serious crime punishable by less than one year in prison
|
|
|
Felony:
|
A more serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison
|
|
|
Crimes against property:
|
Crime that involves theft of property belonging to other
|
|
|
Crimes against persons:
|
Crime that involves violence or the threat of violence against others
|
|
|
Crimes against persons (or violent crimes) include:
|
-murder |
|
|
Crimes against property include:
|
Burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
|
|
Arrest for Violent Crimes-Stats
-Young people ages 15-24: ______% of all arrests -Males: _____% of all arrests -Whites:_____% of all arrests |
Young people- 41% of all arrests |
|
|
Arrest for Property Crimes-Stats
Young people ages 15-24: _____% of all arrests Males: _____% of all arrests Whites: _______% of all arrests |
Young people- 47% of all arrests |
|
|
Juvenile Delinquency:
|
Violation of the law by young people |
|
|
Hate Crime:
|
A criminal offense against a person, property, or society motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity or national origin
|
|
|
What is a white-collar crime?
|
Illegal activities conducted by people of high social positions during the course of their employment or regular business activities |
|
|
Corporate crime:
|
An illegal act committed by a corporation or by persons acting on its behalf
-Most of these offenses are trialed in civil courts so that no individual is charged with criminal behavior |
|
|
Organized crime:
|
A business that supplies illegal goods and services
|
|
|
Victimless crimes:
|
Offenses that directly harm only the person who commits them
|
|
|
The case of Bernard Madoff, convicted of numerous crimes after swindling investors out of at least $50 billion is an example of what kind of crime?
|
White-collar crime
|
|
|
Examples of white-collar crimes include..?
|
Fraud (Obtaining money under false pretenses), to insider trading (Using restricted company information as the basis for a decision to buy or sell stock), to embezzlement (Taking money illegally from one's employer).
|
|
|
Examples of Corporate Crimes?
|
Gross negligence (Knowingly producing faulty or dangerous products).
|
|
|
Difference between white-collar crime and corporate crime: |
White collar crime are acts by individuals and corporate crimes are policies carried out by entire companies.
|
|
|
True or False: White Collar and corporate crime is far greater than the costs of all property crimes. In terms of dollars, white collar and corporate crime are the heart of this country's crime population
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What are examples of organized crime?
|
(organized crime is a business that supplies illegal goods and services) |
|
|
What are examples of Victimless crimes?
|
Gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, drug use, and vagrancy.
-Ex of how prostitution causes harm- they fall victim to violence at the hands of clients or pimps....or "Johns" may pick up sexually transmitted diseases |
|
|
What is violence?
|
Behavior that causes injury to people or damage to property.
|
|
|
Whether people view violence as a problem depends on many factors, including:
|
- The intentions of the actor |
|
|
Institutional Violence:
|
Violence carried out by government representatives under the law
(Violence on the part of police or military personnel...such as U.S. soldiers intentionally killing Iraqi civilians) |
|
|
Anti-Institutional Violence:
|
Violence directed against the government in violation of the law
(Such as attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon) |
|
|
What is the FBI uniform crime report?
|
Main source of crime statistics providing data on crimes against property and persons |
|
|
What are some problems with UCR? (Uniform Crime Report)
|
-Only includes crimes reported by police
-Only gathers statistics on "street crimes" committed by ordinary people and not the more "elite crimes" (large organizations) |
|
|
What percentage of serious crime is under-reported in UCR data?
|
Less than half of serious crimes are actually reported
*pick less than half (>50%) |
|
|
What is recidivism?
|
Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
(Could be due to the critiques about prison- more people of color, labels people, and teaches people how to be criminals) |
|
|
What does ***** Theory state?
|
A body of theory and research that challenges heterosexual bias in U.S.
-Tries to change patterns of heterosexuality and open up to LGBTQ - Equal rights for sexuality....Linked by feminists: critiquing patriarchy and trying to get society to be gender equal |
|
|
Criminal Justice system
|
Society's use of due process, involving police, courts, and punishment, to enforce the law
|
|
|
Due Process
|
The constitution requires our society to respond to crime using due process...this means the criminal justice system must operate within the bounds of law |
|
|
What are the 4 justifications for punishment?
|
Retribution
Deterrence Rehabilitation Societal Protection |
|
|
Retribution:
|
Moral vengeance by which society inflicts suffering on an offender comparable to that caused by the offense
|
|
|
Deterrence:
|
Using punishment to discourage further crime
|
|
|
Rehabilitation:
|
Reforming an offender to prevent future offenses
|
|
|
Societal Protection:
|
Protecting the public by preventing an offender from committing further offenses through incarceration or execution |
|
|
Durkheim and Hirschi's theories are examples of what approach?
|
Structural Functional Approach
|
|
|
This person says that as a society defines crime, it affirms norms and values, draws the line between right and wrong, brings people together, and encourages social change
|
Durkheim
|
|
|
Who commits crime under Durkheim's theory?
|
All societies create crime
|
|
|
What does Herschi's Control Theory state?
|
States that strong social ties discourage crime
1) attachment to other people 2) commitment to conformity 3) involvement in conventional activities 4) a belief in the rightness of cultural norms and values |
|
|
What theory asks not why some individuals would engage in crime but why society defines some behavior as criminal? Theory says that most people who commit crime are normal and that crime itself is a normal part of society
|
Durkheim
|
|
|
This person points to conditions that make crime more or less likely
|
Hirschi
|
|
|
What does the symbolic-interaction approach claim when considering crime?
(Major theories involved) |
Claims that anyone or anything can be defined as deviant. All deviance results from a highly variable process of social definition on the part of some audience |
|
|
What does the social-conflict approach claim?
(Major theories involved) |
That people with less social power-workers in relation to capitalists, women in relation to men- are at a greater risk of criminal involvement
(Marx, Feminist theory) |
|
|
___________ see crime as a moral issue; _________ and _____________ see crime as an economic issue
|
Conservatives-moral
Liberals and Radicals- Economic |
|
|
Radicals on the left and crime
|
Crime and inequality
-Point to injustice of economic inequality in capitalists societies as the reason for crime |
|
|
Liberals and crime
|
Crime and Jobs |
|
|
Conservatives and crime:
|
Crime and morality
-Blame the rise of crime rates on the growing permissiveness in society that has resulted from a decline in traditional values |
|
|
What did the puritans believe?
|
Condemned sex outside marriage and thought any sex (including masturbation) was wrong if not intended to result in contraception
-Had no effective means of birth control so a lot of communities had strict norms limiting sex to marriage for the purpose of reproduction |
|
|
Around what time did the sexual revolution come into play?
|
Around the 1960's- the major factor of the sexual revolution was the birth control pill, embraced a culture of freedom
|
