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148 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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A realm of social life that follows its own basic principles.
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Fields of Life
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The building blocks of society are unfolding relationships.
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Relationality
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Unable to obtain jobs elsewhere, blacks were forced back onto southern plantations through a new system of (informal) slavery called __.
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Sharecropping
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Whites withheld from blacks the most basic right of American citizenship:___
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the vote
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Young boy brutally beaten and murdered for flirting with a white woman in August 1955.
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Emmett Till
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The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation.
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The Civil Rights Movement
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The dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, it was a formal bureaucratic organization based in New York that did battle with racial domination primarily in the courts.
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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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The Double-V Campaign stated __
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"Victory at Home; Victory Abroad"
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More than any other institution, __ would serve as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement.
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The black church
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One of the first major demonstrations of the Civil Rights Movement was the __, which began a few days after Dec. 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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__, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man on Dec. 1, 1955.
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Rosa Parks
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__ was formed to support the Montgomery Bus Boycott and was headed by __.
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The Montgomery Improvement Association; Martin Luther King Jr.
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Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation on buses on this date.
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November 15, 1956
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The MIA gave way to a larger and more powerful organization, the __, which was founded in 1957. It would serve as the key organization of the civil rights struggle.
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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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Miss Baker was instrumental in the formation of __, founded in 1960. It incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students.
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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Among the first major demonstrations invented and orchestrated by students were __.
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sit-ins
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On this date, four black freshmen at Greensboro's North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College took seats at a "white's only" lunch counter at Woolworth department store. They were not served but word got out and many others wanted to sit-in also. These events sparked a national movement of sit-ins.
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February 1, 1960
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Another key event initiated by young people was the __. A group of activists decided to "test" the new ruling that outlawed racial segregation on buses. The group chartered buses to ride, white and black side-by-side. They were met with mobs and beatings.
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Freedom Summer of 1961
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A kind of protest tradition based in local organizing, long-term investment in community leaders, and very specific practical goals. Miss Baker called this __, referring to the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day-by-day and door-to-door.
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spadework
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In the summer of 1964, 1000 volunteers, most of them white college students,were trained in nonviolent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project known as __.
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Freedom Summer
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Two important goals students worked for during Freedom Summer.
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(1) Increasing voter registration, a task that entailed building relationships with residents of the community and urging them to register.
(2) Bringing quality education to Mississippi's poorest areas (neglected by white society) through the establishment of Freedom Schools. |
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A massive demonstration staged by local Alabama residents determined to secure for blacks the right to vote. It was a 54 mile trek from Selma to the steps of Alabama's capitol building. The march began on March 7, 1965
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Selma to Montgomery March
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The Selma to Montgomery March is known as __ because so many demonstrators were injured that the black hospital soon overflowed with victims. Churches had to be turned into ad hoc hospitals.
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Bloody Sunday
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Prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests, and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration. As a result, blacks were able to participate in American Democracy.
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Cracked legal segregation, outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Pan-Indian organizations, such as __, founded in 1968 were soon formed after the African American Civil Rights movement inspired American Indians.
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American Indian Movement
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One of he most important demonstrations that would spur on further activism was the occupation of __ in November 1969.
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Alcatraz Island
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__, a migrant worker from southern Arizona, emerged as an outspoken critic of migrant worker exploitation. He organized workers, leading fasts, strikes, demonstrations, and nationwide boycotts to win contracts for poor migrant workers who picked crops under oppressive conditions.
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Cesar Chavez
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Chavez later co-founded the __, a labor union dedicated to "provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society's bounty." Through their organizing efforts, it won many rights for migrant workers.
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The United Farm Workers of America
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Asian-American student activists played a key role in forming the __, a multiracial organization founded on the campus of University of California.
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The Third World Liberation Front
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The backbone of the Civil Rights Movement was __.
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The youth
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Why did the Civil Rights Movement stop short?
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White backlash
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Alabama governor,__ stood in 1963 on the steps of University of Alabama to block entrance of two black students to the all-white university.
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George Wallage
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Wallace taught Republican politicians two strategic lessons:
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(1) politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters
(2) "Promote white supremacy, but never do so explicitly" |
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Other right-wing politicians followed Wallace and used __ to defend the white power structure, though never explicitly.
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Coded language
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What did Kevin Phillips do? What was it called?
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He convinced Republicans to work to expand black voting rights in the South to hasten the departure of Southern Whites into the Republican Party;
Partisan Realignment |
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Politicians learned to appropriate the language of the Civil Rights Movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement- a process called __.
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Discursive co-optation
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It appears that the American electorate is __: the majority of whites tilt toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhites lean in the opposite direction, offering solid support for the Democratic Party.
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Racially polarized
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__ speaks to the process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens.
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Superficial representation
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Genuine political representation marked by a correspondence between goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens.
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Substantive representation
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Process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage.
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Gerrymandering
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Alexis de Tocqueville, author of "Democracy in America" observed that our political system often is steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns, a problem he called the __.
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Tyranny of the majority
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Compared to whites who live in racially homogeneous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people.
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Threat hypothesis
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Several studies have demonstrated convincingly that __ are the single most important factor when it comes to determining opinions about public policies promoting racial equality.
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Racial attitudes
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Welfare has emerged as a program that many associate with the __, even though most welfare recipients are __.
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Poor black woman; white
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Since the Civil Rights Movement, opinion polls have shown that most white Americans increasingly have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting, time and again, any sort of polity measures designed to carry this out. Social scientists have referred to this disconnect as the __.
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Principle-implementation gap
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The U.S. is the only democracy that has __, denying some people the right to vote because of felony convictions.
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Felon disenfranchisement
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In 1988, Republican candidate George H.W. Bush accused __ of being soft on crime because __, a convicted black murderer, escaped from prison on a weekend furlough. Bush took the lead. Bush did not mention race. Instead it was about crime and liberal policy. When __ accused Bush campaign of tapping into whites fears of blacks, Bush's ratings began to drop again.
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Michael Dukakis; Wille Horton; Jessie Jackson
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Politicians hoping to secure the whites' support by " playing the race card" must do so through __.
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implicit racial appeals
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During Tennessee's 2006 Senate race, the Republican National Committee released a commercial targeting the Democratic nominee, __.
What was the phrase used in the commercial? |
Harold Ford; I met Harold at the Playboy party
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That area of social life where we find public debate, community organizing, and citizen-led political mobilization is called __.
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Civil society
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__ movements are based on a unified racial identity that transcends ethnic, national, or religious differences.
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Pan-ethnic
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__ are movements which recognize the deciding role history plays in modern life and struggle to obtain some sort of recompense from countries that benefited from past forms of racial oppression.
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Reparations
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When white racial interests are threatened, they can act as a __.
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Social movement that need not speak its name.
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The U.S. is number __ in Gross National Income
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One
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Programs initiated by FDR dealing with welfare, work, and war designed to uplift Americans. It birthed unemployment insurance, minimum wage, workday limitations, and veteran assistance. These programs were crafted to accommodate racial domination.
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The New Deal
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Many nonwhites were denied welfare that was ushered in by the __. This was accomplished by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy.
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Social Security Act of 1935
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Act which greatly dismantled union power and the ability to organize workers. This was set up when nonwhites made inroads into manufacturing jobs and had access to New Deal work policies.
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The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act
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The New Deal legislation designed for veterans returning home. Through it, millions of veterans bought homes, went to college, got unemployment insurance, financed small businesses, and bought farmland.
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The GI Bill of Rights
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During the 1980s, the upward economic momentum propelled from industrialization that followed WWII came to a halt and manufacturing jobs disappeared from the Northeast and Midwest. This process is known as __.
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Deindustrialization
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Reagan championed the doctrine of __. The chain of reasoning ran like this: once the government pulls out of the market (primarily by cutting taxes to the wealthy), the wealthy will invest the money into new capital ventures, which in turn will lead to cheaper production, which in turn will lead to lower prices and increased demand, thereby expanding the economy. New capital investments developed by wealthy beneficiaries of tax cuts will create jobs, thereby allowing the riches at the top level to "trickle down" to those at the bottom.
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Supply-side economics (Reaganomics)
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Result of supply-side economics:
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Wealthy prospered, middle class were unaffected, and poor suffered tax increases. Distance separating American elites from its poor increased, as did the wage gap between nonwhites and whites.
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Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid.
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Income
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Owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, and business and farm ownership.
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Wealth
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Income comes from __, while most wealth comes from __.
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your job; intergenerational transfers
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For every dollar a white man earns, a black man earns __.
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75 cents
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History of racial domination in the U.S. economy has left us with a highly __.
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Segregated labor force.
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Today's wealth inequality is a concrete result of yesterday's __.
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Racism
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There is evidence that some banks refuse to offer loans for homes in nonwhite neighborhoods, a discriminatory practice known as __.
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Redlining
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Banks impede nonwhites' access to home ownership through 3 mechanisms:
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(1) By disproportionately denying loans to nonwhite applicants
(2) By charging nonwhites higher interest rates (3) By devaluing homes in nonwhite neighborhoods |
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The economy is __ in society. Its history and culture, its cleavages.
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embedded
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Some estimates find that roughly 20% of American citizens live below the __.
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Poverty line
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Most poor Americans are __.
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White
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3 structural causes of poverty
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(1) Modern-day capitalism produces a pool of unemployed laborers
(2) Deindustrialization made conditions worse (3) Social spending in America is dedicated to lessening economic difficulty |
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A racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability first formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century.
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Black ghetto
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3 interlocking explanations why the inner-city poverty in ghetto neighborhoods became more severe and more concentrated.
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(1) Spatial mismatch thesis
(2) Residential segregation (3) Brain drain |
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Jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers (manufacturing jobs) were moved in large numbers from central city to suburbs at the end of the 20th century.
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Spatial mismatch thesis
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Many blacks who wanted to leave the ghetto and who had the means to do so, couldn't because of entrenched racial segregation and the virtual absence of the fair housing policy enforced.
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Residential segregation
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Black inner-city neighborhoods experienced a kind of __, where the more educated, wealthy, and privileged left behind families who constituted "the truly disadvantaged."
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Brain drain
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__ means the power of Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance.
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Tribal sovereignty
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__, drafted in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, changed limitations by abolishing national-origin quotas.
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The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
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These two acts drastically changed immigrant flows to America.
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The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the 1980 Refugee Act
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The body of thought that explains the processes by which immigrants are absorbed into different segments of the American landscape.
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Segmented assimilation theory
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Three common pathways through which immigrants adapt to American society:
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(1) Acculturation and parallel integration into white middle-class
(2) Permanent poverty and assimilation into the underclass (3) Associates rapid economic advancement with deliberate preservation of the immigrant community's values and tight solidarity. |
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Need to examine not only the shape of the U.S. economy, but also the skills, education, training- the __-immigrants bring with them.
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Class privileges
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A semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community.
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Ethnic enclave
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__ are key players in enclave economies.
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Immigrant women
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Third generation black immigrants were __ than were their grandparents.
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Poorer
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__ privileges shape __ privileges.
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Racial privileges; economic privileges
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When immigrants who refuse to assimilate are rewarded, while immigrants who assimilate with racial groups are punished.
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Racialized process
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The nonwhite unemployment rate consistently has been __ that of whites.
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Double
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__ occurs when members of one race "acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly" and guard that resource from members of other races.
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Opportunity hoarding
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__ breeds disadvantage.
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Disadvantage
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Why were black workers more attractive to employers?
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They were more exploitable "strike insurance"
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A __ means that a labor market contains at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work.
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Split-labor market
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A split labor market is steered by the struggles of 3 groups:
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(1) The business elite
(2) Higher paid labor (3) Cheap labor |
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The process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal.
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Interracialism
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Interpersonal racism shapes and is shaped by __ in the economic field.
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Institutional racism
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On entering the workplace, white women, men of color, and women of color are met with __, unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.
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Glass ceilings
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What keeps glass ceilings in place? When the authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.
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Homosocial reproduction
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__ is government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.
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Welfare
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This placed strict restrictions on how long recipients could collect welfare (2 years while unemployed and 5 years over a lifetime).
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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
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Government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interest loans, and government services. In __, tax dollars are dedicated more to providing companies money (not a single mother and her children).
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Corporate welfare
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__ is an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.
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Affirmative action
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Affirmative action an affront to American meritocracy? 3 assumptions:
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(1) People get ahead in life by virtue of their own talents, skills, and work ethic
(2) Race and gender preferences are the only kinds of preferences in the world (3) Employment practices without affirmative action are more merit-based than those with it |
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In what became known as __, thousands of Mexican families were rounded up and sent via train back to Mexico. More than half of the people shipped back to Mexico were U.S. citizens.
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Mexican Reparation Programs
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American Indian urbanization proceeded to lockstep with the process of __. State governments were given legal jurisdiction over Indian reservations and tribes were terminated in the eyes of the federal government.
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Tribal termination
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The massive movement of blacks from the rural South to the urban North.
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The Great Migration
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What two economic shifts encouraged blacks to head north?
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Job shortages in southern agriculture and massive job vacancies in the growing Midwest metropolis
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Tensions between blacks and whites heated up, sometimes exploding into __, aka "race riots," that were a recurrent feature of the first half of the 20th century.
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Racial uprisings
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Summer of 1919 in which there were many racial uprisings.
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The Red Summer
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Many times, white home sellers included in the deeds to their property __, which sought to uphold the "desirable residential characteristics" of a neighborhood.
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Covenants
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Lenders refused to offer mortgages and home loans in nonwhite neighborhoods through a discriminatory practice known as __.
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Redlining
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Housing opportunities were strained further by urban developments after WWII. Dozens of African American and Puerto Rican neighborhoods were razed in the name of __.
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"Urban renewal"
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Broadly speaking, whites reacted to racial integration of their neighborhoods in two ways:
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Fleeing or Fighting
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Fearing racial integration, many whites who had the means to do so sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs, a migratory process known as __.
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White flight
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Fear of racial integration in a once white neighborhood was exploited by real estate agents. __, learned to stir up whites' fear of integration.
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Blockbusting agents
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Some whites chose to ward off nonwhite families through intimidation tactics, protests, and violence, a strategy that can be labeled __.
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White fight
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__ people regularly participated in white fight acts and played a key role in upholding white supremacy through neighborhood-based violence.
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Young people
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Blacks rebelled in the 1960s to dismantle racial domination. A growing sense of black militancy was taking hold in urban black communities, or what came to be known as the __.
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Black Power Movement
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According to one study, blacks are __ as likely to be isolated from other racial groups.
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Twice
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The most segregated large metropolitan area for blacks in 2000 was __.
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Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI
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A term describing the observation that "black Americans in metropolitan areas live within large, continuous settlements of densely inhabited neighborhoods that are packed tightly around the urban core.
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Hypersegregation
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What causes racial segregation? Perhaps what on the surface looks like racial segregation is segregation based on __.
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Economic factors
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Because on average whites are more wealthy than nonwhites, perhaps racial segregation is due, not to mechanisms of racial domination, but to __.
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Class-based inequalities
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The majority of blacks in a survey said their ideal neighborhood was __% black and __% white.
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50% black and 50% white
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__ of whites in a survey reported that a single black neighbor would make them uncomfortable.
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A quarter
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Racial segregation in part is caused by __, choices of whites to live with whites.
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Personal choice
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Social scientists have also explained racial segregation by analyzing mechanisms of __.
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Housing discrimination
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Social scientists have also documented __ discrimination in housing, a dynamic that makes things especially difficult for __.
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Gender; women of color
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The __ of segregation are multisided and complex, as they are grim and troubling.
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consequences
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According to the __, new immigrants self-segregate in enclaves and rely on the enclave economy for their start. After some time in the enclave, immigrants, having acquired savings and improved their English skills, look for a new place to live, one that can offer a higher standard of living.
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Spatial assimilation thesis
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According to the __, ethnic enclaves are sought out by immigrants who could afford to live elsewhere.
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Ethnic community thesis
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__ immigrants have the highest rate of self-employment in the U.S.
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Korean
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All those living in poor inner-city neighborhoods, blacks and white and immigrants alike, are affected by __, which refers to a process of neighborhood change by which relatively affluent people move into an area populated by poorer residents.
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Gentrification
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__ are the only group in the history of the U.S. that have experienced ghettoization.
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African Americans
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__ refers to the severe spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and welfare state services.
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Advanced marginality
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Throughout the ghetto's sordid history, __ -government-owned units provided at low rates to poor residents- has always played a large part in reinforcing and reproducing conditions of advanced marginality.
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Public housing
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__, where nearly 8 million Americans reside, are residential areas fortified by high walls and security forces. They attract affluent whites who believe violent crime is on the rise and who want to avoid being victimized by it.
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Gated communities
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Between 1942 and 1964, the U.S. government recruited Mexican nationals for agricultural work through the __, which granted them temporary residence in the U.S.
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Bracero program
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Between 1990 and 2000, the proportion of Mexican immigrants working in agricultural fields nearly __.
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Doubled
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Small settlements, called __, have sprung up around the fields where migrant workers toil.
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colonias
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The towns resting against the 2000 mile border separating U.S. from Mexico are some of the __ areas in the country.
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Poorest
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__ can be defined as any policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities.
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Environmental racism
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English-only ordinances and other laws targeting the Hispanic population can be interpreted as a new tactic of __.
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White fight
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__ is the practice of intentionally or unintentionally evaluating another culture in terms of your own culture's assumptions and viewing the other cultures as inferior to your own.
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Ethnocentrism
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Today, roughly __ Americans live in racially integrated neighborhoods.
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10 million
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Who benefits from integration?
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Whites and nonwhites
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