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56 Cards in this Set

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A social and symbolic hierarchical system of classification and separation that organizes people into rigid groups characterized by inner-group marriage, heredity, life-style, and occupation.
Caste System (In India, what divides people is one's position in the caste system)
Arguments that suppose that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions are grouped under the rubric ____.
Biological Determinism
Is race a biological reality or a political reality/social construction?
Political reality/social construction
A symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category.
Race
Something that belongs to the realm of ideas, meaning-making, and language. It is something that is actively created and recreated by humans rather than pre-given. They mark differences between grouped people or things and bring them into existence.
Symbolic Category
A race-based classification system.
Racial Taxonomy
In the U.S. the current racial taxonomy, or race-based classification system, delineates 5 major groups:
Native American and Alaskan Natives, Asians and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.
A person's ___ is her or his physical appearance and constitution, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone.
Phenotype
A person's ___ is her or his family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliations.
Ancestry
Racial categories are ____, bound to certain geographic and social contexts.
Place-specific
Racial categories are ___, changing between different historical time periods.
Time-specific
___ signifies a metamorphosis of sorts, where something created by humans is mistaken as something dictated by nature.
Naturalization
We can regard race as a ___. It is fiction because it has no natural bearing, but it is well-founded since most people in society provide race with a real existence and have come to see the world through its lens.
Well-founded fiction
___ refers to a shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations.
Ethnicity
___ is equated with citizenship-membership in a specific politically delineated territory controlled by a government.
Nationality
Until the late 19th century, immigration to America was encouraged. But at the turn of the century, native-born white Americans began calling for immigration restrictions. The result was the development of a strict immigration policy, the ____.
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924
In 1952, Congress passed the ___, which recognized the U.S. naturalization law and forbade denying citizenship on the basis of race.
Immigration and Nationality Act
5 Fallacies about Racism
1. Individualistic Fallacy
2. Legalistic Fallacy
3. Tokenistic Fallacy
4. Ahistorical Fallacy
5. Fixed Fallacy
Fallacy in which racism is assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and prejudices. Racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts a "racist individual" has about another group. It divides the world into 2 types of people: those guilty of racism and those innocent. This conception fails to account for racism woven into the fabric of schools, political institutions, labor markets, and neighborhoods.
Individualistic Fallacy
Fallacy which conflates de jure (based on law) legal progress with de facto (based on fact) racial progress. It assumes that abolishing racist law automatically leads to abolition of racism writ large (racism in practice).
Legalistic Fallacy
Fallacy which assumes that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles.
Tokenistic Fallacy
Fallacy which renders history impotent. Thinking hindered by this fallacy makes a bold claim: most U.S. history-namely, the period of time when this country did not extend basic rights to people of color- is inconsequential today. All that is socially constructed is historically constructed; and since race is a social construction, it is a historical construction.
Ahistorical Fallacy
Fallacy which assumes that racism is fixed/immutable/constant across time and space. It takes racism to be something that does not develop in any way. It concludes that things have gotten better.
Fixed Fallacy
What are the two specific manifestations of racial domination?
Institutional racism and interpersonal racism
A systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. It is a type of power that encompasses symbolic, political, social, and economic power. It withholds from people of color opportunities, privileges, and rights that many whites enjoy.
Institutional racism
A racial domination manifest in everyday interactions and practices. It is quite covert in that it is found in habitual, commonsensical, and ordinary practices of our lives.
Interpersonal racism
___refers to the process of people of color unknowingly accepting and supporting the terms of their own domination. The dominated perceive and respond to the structures and processes that dominate them through modes of thought and feeling that are themselves the products of domination.
Symbolic violence
The term, ___, explains the overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages that affect people differently positioned in society.
Intersectionality
___is racial domination normalized. This normalization produces and reproduces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges for white people and withholds such advantages and privileges from nonwhite people.
Whiteness
___ is the collection of unearned cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges passed by people of Anglo-European descent or by those who pass as such.
White privilege
Those who do not recognize their privilege, unknowingly support a system of racial domination that disadvantages people of color, unintentionally investing in their whiteness. They claim to ignore all racial markers.
Color-blindness.
Whites who have fought racism.
White antiracists
Understanding race means approaching the world skeptically and critically, rejecting overly simplified explanations, and evaluating and reevaluating the nature of things with a new outlook. It means cultivating a ___.
Sociological imagination
___ coined the term, sociological imagination, in 1959. By this, he meant one's ability to understand everyday life not through personal circumstances, but through the broader historical forces that structure and direct it.
C. Wright Mills
Crucial to developing a keen sociological imagination are three equally important modes of thinking called ___.
"The Three Rs"- Reflexivity, Relationality, and Reconstruction
___ means turning the instruments of social science-especially critical evaluation carried out with a sociological imagination- back on oneself.
Reflexivity
___ means that the building blocks of society are unfolding relationships. In this view, an individual or group is best examined by exploring the networks of relationships, within which that individual or group is embedded.
Relationality
The networks of relationships
Fields of life
___ pushes us to take our new-found knowledge and use it to change the world in which we live. It involves using the knowledge we have acquired about racial domination to fight it. It means reconstructing how we think about race in our own lives, then using our sharpened analysis to reconstruct how race is discussed elsewhere.
Reconstruction
___ abolished de jure segregation in schools in 1954, but they remain segregated.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Political, social, and economic power, as well as the symbolic power to classify one group as "normal" and other groups as "abnormal."
Domination
Racial domination intersects with gender, class, sexuality, religion, nation; overlapping systems of advantages and disadvantages.
Intersectionality
Negative attitudes about a group.
Prejudice
Actions that have a differential and negative impact on members of a subordinate group (regardless of whether the discriminator is aware of this).
Discrimination
An unreliable generalization about all members of a group.
Stereotype
When false definitions become accurate; a response to negative stereotypes.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Focuses on personality features of individuals.
Psychologically based theories
Focuses on the social context of prejudice.
Sociologically-based theories
Tendency of whites to discount positive accomplishments of nonwhites by attributing them to luck or unfair advantages; tendency of whites to attribute the negative behaviors of nonwhites to their basic nature, while attributing the same negative behaviors of whites to external or contingent causes.
Ultimate Attribution Error
Actions against individuals simply because they are members of another group.
Overt discrimination
Current and past discrimination together.
Total discrimination
When qualified minorities enter the labor market but then aren't promoted as often as whites.
Glass ceilings
When minorities are kept from positions with the potential for advancement.
Glass walls
Those who occupy a place within the structure such that the structure works in their favor.
The dominants
Those who occupy a place within the structure such that the structure works against them.
The dominated
A system of dispositions; more than just attitudes or beliefs; collective and individual history deposited in the body; social structures (including structures of racial order) turned into mental structures; relatively enduring; correspond (roughly) to different locations in a social (or racial) order: positions/dispositions.
Habitus