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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Race |
A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of the society consider important |
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ethnicity |
A shared cultural heritage |
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minority |
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates |
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prejudice |
A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people |
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Discrimination |
Unequal treatment of various categories of people |
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Stereotype |
A simplified description applied to every person in some category |
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Racism |
The believe that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another |
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Authoritarian personality theory |
Claims that prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents (Adorno) |
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Prejudice vs discrimination |
Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action |
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Pluralism |
A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing |
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Assimilation |
The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture |
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Segregation |
The physical and social separation of categories of people |
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"WASPs" |
Most of the original Europeans of the United States, and many continue to enjoy high social position today. |
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Social institutions |
A major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs. |
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Agrarian society |
Focuses its mode of production primarily on agriculture and the cultivation of large fields. |
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Agricultural revolution |
Five thousand years ago this made the economy a distinct social institution based on agricultural technology, specialized work, permanent settlements, and trade. |
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Industrial economy |
Began around 1750, expanded the economy based on new sources of energy and specialized work in factories that turned raw materials into finished products. |
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Postindustrial economy |
Based on a shift from industrial work to service work and computer technology |
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Sectors of the economy |
Primary, secondary, and tertiary. |
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Primary sector |
Draws raw materials from the natural environment. Is of greatest importance ( 25% of the economy) in low-income nations. |
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Secondary sector |
Transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. Is a significant share of the economy ( 24% - 36%) in low, middle, and high-income nations. |
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Tertiary sector |
Produces services rather than goods, is the largest sector (50-75%) in low, middle, and high income countries. |
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Global economy |
Economic activity that crosses national borders |
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Capitalism |
An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned |
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Socialism |
An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned |
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capitalism vs socialism |
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Oligopoly |
The domination of a market by a few producers |
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Authority types |
Traditional, rational - legal, charismatic. |
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Traditional authority |
Power legitimized by respect for long established cultural patterns |
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Rational - legal authority |
Power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations |
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Charismatic authority |
Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience |
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Authority |
Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive |
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Democracy |
A political system that gives power to the people as a whole. Common in modern societies, leadership is linked to elective office. |
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Terrorism |
Acts of violence or the threat of violence is used as a political strategy by an individual or group |
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Totalitarianism |
A highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives |
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Global political system |
* |
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Kinship |
A social bond based on common and was reading, marriage, or adoption. |
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Family |
A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children. |
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Nuclear family |
Family composed of one or two parents and their children |
also known as a conjugal family |
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Extended family |
A family composed of parents and children as well as other kin |
Also called a consanguine family |
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Endogamy |
Marriage between people of the same social category |
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Exogamy |
Marriage between people of different social categories |
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Structural - functional theory of the family |
Identifies major family functions that help society operate smoothly: socialization of the young, regulation of sexual activity, social placement, and providing material and emotional support. |
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Social exchange analysis |
☆ |
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Secularization |
The historical decline in the importance of supernatural and the sacred |
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Religion |
A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred |
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Faith |
Believe based on conviction rather than scientific evidence |
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Durkheim theory of religion |
a structural - functional theory that suggest that religion unites people, promote social cohesion, and gives meaning and purpose to life. Through we celebrate the power of our society. |
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Cult |
A religious organization that is largely outside of a society's cultural traditions |
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Animism |
The belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity |
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Polygamy and the world |
☆ |
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Education |
The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values. |
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Jane Elliott |
☆ |
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Functional illiteracy |
A lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living |
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Charter schools |
☆ |
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Social research about education |
☆ |
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Health |
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being |
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Cultural patterns of health |
Personal well-being depends on a society's level of technology and its distribution of resources. A society is closer shave definitions of health. |
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Social epidemiology |
The study of how health ins views are distributed throughout a society's population |
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Euthanasia |
Assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease, also known as mercy killing. |
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Holistic medicine |
An approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment |
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Conflict theory of health |
Focuses on the unequal distribution of health and medical care. Criticizes the US medical establishment for over reliance on drugs and surgery, the dominance of the profit motive, and over emphasis on the biological rather than the social causes of illness. |
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Symbolic - interaction theory of health and medicine |
Investigates the meanings that people attach to health illness, and medical care. These meanings are socially constructed by people in everyday interactions: our response to illness is not always based on medical facts, and how people define a medical situation may affect how they feel |
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Talcott Parsons, structural - functional theory of health |
Considers illness to be dysfunctional because it reduces people's abilities to perform their roles. role analysis explains that society responds to illness by defining roles: the sick role excuses the ill person from routine social responsibilities, and the physicians role is to use specialized knowledge to take charge of the patients recovery |
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Church |
A religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society |
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Sect |
A religious organization that stands apart from the larger society |
Example the amish |
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Cult |
A religious organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions |
Lds church |
