Soc 100 - Test 3

Front 1

Social stratification

Back 1

the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources

Front 2

Life chances

Back 2

the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and healthcare

Front 3

Social mobility

Back 3

movement of individuals from one level of stratification to another

Front 4

Intergenerational mobility

Back 4

social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next

Front 5

Intragenerational mobility

Back 5

social movement of individuals within their own lifetime

Front 6

Slavery

Back 6

extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned or controlled by others for economic or sexual exploitation

Front 7

Caste system

Back 7

system of social inequality in which people’s status is permanently determined at birth based on parents ascribe characteristics

Front 8

Class system

Back 8

stratification based on the ownership and control of resources and the type of work people do

Front 9

Capitalist (bourgeoisie)

Back 9

those who own the means of production

Front 10

Workers (proletariat)

Back 10

those who must sell their labor to the owners to survive

Front 11

Alienation

Back 11

feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people, the work, and oneself

Front 12

Class conflict

Back 12

the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class

Front 13

Wealth

Back 13

value of all a person’s or family’s economic assets including income, personal property, and income-producing property

Front 14

Prestige

Back 14

respect or regard that a person or status position is given by others

Front 15

Power

Back 15

ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition of others

Front 16

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 16

a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors like income, occupation, and education to determine class location

Front 17

Pink-collar occupations

Back 17

relatively low paying, non-manual, semi-skilled positions primarily held by women

Front 18

Weberian Model of Class | Upper Class

Back 18

Based on 3 elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income

Front 19

Weberian Model of Social Class | Middle Class

Back 19

Was once a secure position, but recent developments have made it more precarious, and Semiskilled workers

Front 20

Pink-collar occupations

Back 20

relatively low paying, non-manual, semi-skilled positions primarily held by women

Front 21

Weberian Model of Social Class | Working Poor

Back 21

Unskilled or seasonal jobs, Women and people of color are overrepresented in this category, and Paycheck-to-paycheck living

Front 22

Neo Marxian Model of Social Class

Back 22

Ownership of means of production, Purchase of labor, Control of labor of others, Sale of one’s own labor

Front 23

Income

Back 23

economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (governmental aid), and ownership of property

Front 24

Wealth

Back 24

all assets a person owns minus all debts that a person or family owes (“net worth”)

Front 25

Official poverty line

Back 25

based on what the federal government considers to be the minimum amount of money necessary for living at a subsistence level

Front 26

Absolute poverty

Back 26

when people do not have the means to secure the most necessities of life

Front 27

Relative poverty

Back 27

when people may be able to afford the necessities, but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living

Front 28

Feminization of poverty

Back 28

trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty

Front 29

Job deskilling

Back 29

reduction in proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in wages

Front 30

Global stratification

Back 30

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different life chances and lifestyles both within and among the nations of the world

Front 31

Gini coefficient

Back 31

measures the degree of inequality in distribution of family income in a country

Front 32

Gini index

Back 32

measures the extent to which distribution of income deviates from a perfectly equal distribution

Front 33

Modernization theory

Back 33

perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move up the scale by achieving self-sustained economic growth

Front 34

Dependency theory

Back 34

global poverty can be at least partially attributed to the fact that low-income countries have been exploited by high income countries

Front 35

World systems theory

Back 35

perspective that examines the role of capitalism and particularly the transnational division of labor in a truly global system held together by economic ties

Front 36

Core nations

Back 36

dominant capitalist centers

Front 37

Semiperipheral

Back 37

more developed than peripheral, less developed than core

Front 38

Peripheral

Back 38

nations dependent on core nations for capital that have little or no industrialization (other than what’s brought in by core nations), and uneven patterns of urbanization

Front 39

Collective agreement

Back 39

people jointly agree on the idea

Front 40

Imposition

Back 40

hierarchy is established by those with the power to do so—the assumption starts getting put into action

Front 41

Acceptance of a specific social construction

Back 41

ideas become so widely accepted that they become imbedded in laws and customs

Front 42

Race

Back 42

socially constructed category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often based on real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes

Front 43

Ethnicity

Back 43

cultural background or national origin

Front 44

Dominant group

Back 44

racial or ethnic group that has the greatest power and resources in a society

Front 45

Subordinate group

Back 45

group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment and discrimination by the dominant group

Front 46

Prejudice

Back 46

a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of a specific racial, ethnic, or other group

Front 47

Stereotypes

Back 47

overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of categories

Front 48

Racism

Back 48

set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another

Front 49

Frustration aggression hypothesis

Back 49

people who are frustrated with their efforts to achieve a highly-desired goal may respond with a pattern of aggression towards others

Front 50

Adorno | authoritarian personality

Back 50

characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking

Front 51

Discrimination

Back 51

actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group

Front 52

Genocide

Back 52

the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Front 53

Individual discrimination

Back 53

one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property

Front 54

Institutional discrimination

Back 54

day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of the subordinate group

Front 55

Assimilation

Back 55

process by which members of subordinate racial/ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture

Front 56

Ethnic pluralism

Back 56

the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial/ethnic groups within one society

Front 57

Segregation

Back 57

special and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion

Front 58

Internal colonialism

Back 58

when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic/political control of the dominant group

Front 59

Gendered racism

Back 59

interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color

Front 60

Theory of racial formation

Back 60

actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the US