Soan 110 Test 1

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Anthropology

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the study of the science of human nature: human's cultural and biological trends

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Early History of Anthropology:

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Roots in the enlightenment: late 1700s, era of discovery, colonialism, exploration, enlightenment ideals of rationality, wanting to classify
First: governments hand anthropologists study colonists so that they could know how to better rule them
Then: matured to advocates for the people they studied
Proto-anthropology was in US (before professionalization as discipline)--travelers, philologists, phrenologists (measurements of human skull), archeologists
Rise of museums: ability to share information through, NHM (for example)

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Lewis Henry Morgan:

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Kinship as basis of social evolution

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John Wesley Power:

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Civil war hero, geological surveyor @ Bureau of American Ethnology (founded 1879)

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Franz Boas:

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Founder of American Anthropology
1883: geographer @ Baffin Island
1895: dual positions @ Columbia and AMNH
Opposed to racialist physical anthro., and hierarchical, evolutionary thinking
Vision of Anthro:
Empirical study- observation of rapidly disappearing native cultures
Fieldwork Essential- also conducted in native languages
Four Subfield Discipline- sociocultural, archeology, linguistics, physical
Emphasis on culture as learned human behavior (cultural relativism, historical particularism)
Language and cultural traits are learned
Against European nationalism and sentiments of anti-immigrant

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Margaret Mead:

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Coming of Age in Samoa-- basis for Moffat's research
-helped define concept of culture

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Bronislaw Molinowsky:

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New fieldwork standards: full immersion (living with people, speaking language, participating)
How culture functions in the present (presentism or functionalism)

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A.R. Radcliffe Brown:

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- Social anthropology: structurally, “structural functionism”

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Holism:

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properties in a system cannot be determined by the whole
-in anthropology: all of society-web of interconnections-not just politics or economics

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Comparison:

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comparing in-depth one locale research with global research

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Collaboration:

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collaborating with people you’re interacting with (two way street) (establishing rapport/trust)

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Cultural Relativism:

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an individuals beliefs and behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture, says Boas

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Participant Observation:

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active participation with the group one is observing

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Ethnography:

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method to gain description of a people or a cultural scene

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Impression Management:

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actively readjusting behavior to make a particular impression on observers—sometime both anthropologists and informants to to each other

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Front stage vs. Back stage:

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dramaturgical metaphor, front stage is what is shown, what is displayed, back stage what isn’t being presented, what “really goes on”

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Public vs. Inner Selves:

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what a person displays to others, what they are really like

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Dialectic:

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find a question for your site after general observation, or go in with a question and allow it to develop/evolve

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Rapport:

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hat the anthropologist and the subject have developed: hopefully a trusting relationship, sense of knowing one another

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Informants/Key Informants/Interlocutors/Consultants:

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various roles by people played within the group, who you go to for good information, with whom you have established rapport

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Ethics:

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use of pseudonyms, respect of privacy, lying, disrespecting culture

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Ritual of Initiation/Ritual of Integration:

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asserting dominance over another, (i.e. wedgie patrol), inclusive action, public display (i.e. secret santa)

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Race:

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- Beginning: European age of globalization (1400s): human drive to categorize, ranked categories separating human species (attractiveness, cultural potential, intelligence)
Separation of race, language and culture: overlapping traits, nothing lines up perfectly
AAA statement: Race is a 1. A recent human invention (social construct), 2. It’s about culture, not biology3. Race and racism are embedded in everyday life
Race vs. ethnicity- ethnicity is tradition, culture, nationality/race is appearance **ethnicity cannot define race** i.e. not all people who look like they are from Asia necessarily celebrate the Chinese new year
Race is bad biology
Race is lived experience: difficulties, privileges
Traits vary more within a race than between races
“Race traits and tendencies of the American negro” Hoffman
More than your ethnicity: individuals can change beyond the boundaries of their ethnicities (EBAM)
Racism: discrimination based on appearance/looks of an individual
1960s-- anthropologists question the idea of race itself
clines –vary in small increments
blood factors
all traits vary independently of one another!
85% of variation is between any two individuals in a group

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Traits:

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Traits overlapping: nothing lines up perfectly between groups from same region
Ex. Pacific northwest tribes
Independent variation/non-concordance: different genetic makeup/code, blood types
Continuous variation: example height, it can range

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Clines:

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visible features that gradate within a group, or between groups, vary in small increments

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Physical Anthropology:

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Examination of our physical selves as humans
Evolutionary theory: scientific explanation for the origin and development of humankind
Paleoanthropology: study of fossilized remains of humanity’s earliest ancestors (hominids)

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Hominids:

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Earliest form of human being
6 million years ago (dated back as far as)
Evolution: bipedalism, dentition, brain size, development of culture

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Lucy:

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3.75 million years, Ausr. Afarensis
Bipedal, 4.5 to 5 feet tall, 50-60lbs
Discovered by Dan Johanson and team

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Australopithecines:

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Earliest found 4.4 million years
Cranial capacity: 400-500 cc (similar to chimpanzee)

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Homo Habilis:

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Found in assoc with stone tools
2.3-1.3 million years old
Bipedal, 666 cc

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Homo Erectus:

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Tools more varied and sophisticated
Expanded in cold climates
Used fire as well as tools
Evidence of bilateral brain (necessary for language)
1.3 m- 400,000 years ago
Bipedal, 950 cc
“West turkana Boy from Nakiokotome III, N. Kenya (1.6 m yr)

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Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis:

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300,000 years, 1500 cc
First evidence of symbolic systems

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Homo Sapiens:

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Upper Pleistocene (31,000-33,000 B.P)
Teeth and forward-projecting mid facial region similar to Neanderthals

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Homo Sapien Sapiens:

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40,000 yrs
1450 cc
No anatomical changes

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Saggital Crest:

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crest on skull used to hold muscle

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Primate Dental Pattern:

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2123

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Foramen Magnum:

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large cranial hole, goes from near the top to down due to bipedalism

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Bipedalism:

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ability to walk on two legs

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Prehensile Thumb:

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gripping thumb, chimps and gorillas have it

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Cranial Capacity:

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ability for knowledge via brain size, evolves, gives humans capacity for language/culture

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Four Forces of Human Variation:

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Mutation, gene flow, gene drift, natural selection

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E.B. Tylor:

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Holism, associated social behavior, learned, member of society/group

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Johann Gottfried Von Herder:

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Cultures are not better than one another
Resistance to colonizing authorities
German philosopher
Around time of colonization: need to understand “subordinate” culture

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Geertz:

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“Culture is those webs of significance that man has spun and in which he is suspended”
Idealistic culture doesn’t exist
How culture is put to use and shown thru action
Theory of culture:
Cultural acts speak like languages
Intentions of actors, articulated in social action
Culture is communicative
Semiotics: sign systems in communication (searching for meaning in action)

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Thick Description:

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Sheep raid:
Confluence of different cultures within one
Interpretive approach to cultures: stories where you have multiple actors in one community
Conditions of society: Berbers against the French colonists
Three groups: Berbers, French, Jews
“Confusion of tongues”
Identification of each group through clothing
Doesn’t understand the “rules of the game”: mezrag (trade rules)

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Shape Shifting:

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belief in the ability for a human to turn into an animal

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5 Ways Kuranko Believe:

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1. Authority of customs and elders
2. Authority of myths
3. Stories and hearsay evidence
4. Apprentice as medicine man (original specialist)
5. Direct accounts

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Credulity/Plausibility in Culture:

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Culture goes beyond language, doesn’t seem plausible
Culture: social historical, political aspects can affect the way people may believe in certain things
Predisposed by own culture to believe/not believe

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Linguistic Subcultures:

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Example: male vs. female article
Within a culture there can be linguistic differences that make significant meaning changes

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Levels of Language:

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1. Sound (phonology): phonemes = meaningful sounds, phonemics = study of meaningful sounds in a culture, phonetics = studies sound structures regardless of what members of a certain language community find meaningful
2. Grammar (syntax): intuitive rules for combining parts of language to make meaningful utterances
3. Meaning (semantics): morphemes: smaller units of meaning that can be put together to form longer words
4. Usage in Context (pragmatics): most ethnographic, indicative of culture, signs are an extension of pragmatics

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Prior Text:

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precedence, i.e. Malaysian students didn’t have prior text for saying “that reminds me of a story…”

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Location: Pahari

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Lower Himalayas of Northern India

Berreman

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Location:Beng

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Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (West Africa)

Gotlieb

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Location:Cape Verdeans (and their diaspora)

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Cape Verde (Archipelago of 10 islands 500km off West Africa in Atlantic Ocean)

Diaspora: Cape Verdeans of Jewish Decent to Lisbon, Portugal

Gotlieb

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Location: Ju/Hoansi (!Kung)

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Kalahari Desert (South Africa) (Namibia, Botswana, Angola)

Lee

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Location:Tiv

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Ethnic nation in West Africa (Mostly Nigeria, also Cameroon)

Bohannon

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Location:Rutgers Students

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Rutgers University (The State University of New Jersey) in New Jersey

Moffatt

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Location:AnyU Students

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Arizona

Nathan

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Location:FROSH Students

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Stanford, California

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Chimpanzees in the film, Chimpanzee Grooming as Social Custom

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Tanzania

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Location: Marmusha- place
Berber- language

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Morocco

Geertz

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Kuranko

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Sierra Leone

Jackson

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Hopi

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Arizona

Whorf

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Malay speakers

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Maylasia (Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia,

Becker

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Muedans

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Mozambique

West

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Laura Bohannon

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“Shakespeare in the Bush” :
Nigeria
Tells modified version of Hamlet—to fit in
--they suggest how to improve the story/how is actually was
-Lesson: Can't assume people will stop/change their libes to give you the information you want and understand cross-cultural references
-Prior text

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Richard Lee

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“Christmas in the Kalahari” Nambia
-didn't find major thing out about the culture until he had been there for a very long time
-telling him his ox gift is very small
-heckling him, trying to reduce his ego
--people aren't just going to tell you what you want to know, must think about what questions you want to ask
-reverse impression management

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Gerald Berreman

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Gerald Berreman
“Behind Many Masks”
Backstage, front-stage behavior
-people of town were trying to impress the interpreter of the anthropologist because he was of a higher caste-first interpreter—helped with higher class
- second guy—was muslim (not part of the caste system), high class looked down on him but lower class respected him more

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Alma Gottlieb

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“Two Visions of Africa”
-Spent life studying Beng people of ivory coast
-needed to move one
-moved to studying Cape Verdeans of Jewish decent in Lisbon, Portugal.
-point: multiple reasons to study a people, personal consierations, language, location

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Michael Moffat

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Coming of Age in new Jersey
-Participant observation first, non-participant observation next, individual interviews, surveys,
-Questions of ethics: eavesdropping, didn't inform of intentions at first.
-dramaturgical metaphor—impression management—know who's there, characters—who's acting with whom
-discourse—different voices, can change based on scene (ie faculty lofty vs. grocery store)

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Alan Goodman

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“Bred in the Bone”
-Race as bad biology vs. race as lived experience
-can't identify someone biologically by race
-can take two stances on race a bad biology—one is conservative eliminate race, and affirmative action etc.

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Clifford Geertz

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“Think Description”
-interpretive semiotic approach
-cultural acts are communicative and speak like language
-culture is a framework for interpreting experience and guiding actions
-confusion of tongues, frames of reference

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B.L. Whorf

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Language as Habitual Thought
-Hopi think of time as accumulating and we think of it as passing
-

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Becker

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“Silence Across Borders”
-so much communicated in a silence in a language based on prior texts
-computer jokes
-dancer-how could you ask him about his future? Significance in that question to Balinese people but not to us.

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Edward Sapir

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Student of Boaz, taught Whorf, co-person of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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Maltz and Borker

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“A Cultural Approach of Male-Female Miscommunication”

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Michael Jackson

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“The Man Could Turn into an Elephant”
-culture makes some things more believable

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Harry West

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Ethnographic Sorcery
-ethnographers and a sorcerers search for logic
-are we all ethnographers?
-parallels between anthropologists and the participants quests